Abstract :
Global public health issues include emerging and reemerging viruses. The most recent cause of COVID-19 is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The main goal of current medical research is the creation of new, affordable, and effective anti-COVID-19 medications. The immune system regulates coronavirus infection in the human body. The current study explores the relationship between antioxidants and the immune system’s ability to fight off infections and the pathogenicity of the coronavirus. Arabica coffee contains chlorogenic acid, which is efficacious as a contributor to antioxidant and antiviral activity. But arabica coffee also contains caffeine, which can cause ulcers in people who do decaffeination using dichloromethane solvent to reduce levels of caffeine. The objective of this study is to create Arabica coffee seed extract compressed lozenges as an antioxidant to boost the immune system. Arabica coffee extraction is done by Soxhletasi. Formulation lozenges are made in three formulas with varying types of flavorings: F1 (strawberry), F2 (tiramisu), and F3 (vanilla). Lozenges were analyzed using HPLC with pretreatment SPE to see the effect of the formulation on the content of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. F1 caffeine content 1.324%, 4.484% F2, F3 0.134. F1 chlorogenic acid content 2.996%, 2.834% F2, F3 4.530% .The result of the granules and lozenges evaluation is required for the granules and lozenges requirements. As a result of hedonic stimulation, the respondent can receive a taste of lozenges. Formula lozenges which most preferred is the formula F1 with strawberries creamer diluent with caffeine content of 1.324% and chlorogenic acid content of 2.996%. The conclusion of this study is that green coffee bean extract can be made into lozenges, and caffeine levels in coffee can be reduced by decaffeination. but the level of chlorogenic acid decreased along with the decrease in caffeine.
Keywords :
Anti-virus, Arabica coffee, Chlorogenic acid, COVID-19, Immune Booster., ImmunityReferences :
- Alagawany et al., “The Strategy of Boosting the Immune System Under the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Front. Vet. Sci. | www.frontiersin.org, vol. 7, p. 570748, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.570748.
- Hejrati, M. Nurzadeh, and M. Roham, “Association of coronavirus pathogencity with the level of antioxidants and immune system,” J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care, vol. 10, pp. 609–614, 2021, doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1007_20.
- G. Molteni, N. Principi, and S. Esposito, “Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections,” Free Radic. Res., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1163–1169, 2014, doi: 10.3109/10715762.2014.945443.
- Lauridsen, “From oxidative stress to inflammation: Redox balance and immune system,” Poult. Sci., vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 4240–4246, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3382/PS/PEY407.
- Castaldo et al., “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of coffee brew evaluated after simulated gastrointestinal digestion,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 12, 2021, doi: 10.3390/nu13124368.
- Sinisi, “Coffee: A Rich Source of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Compounds,” Clin. Immunol. Endocr. Metab. Drugs, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19–32, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.2174/2212707004666170906164950.
- Jeszka-Skowron, A. Sentkowska, Krystyna, Pyrzynska, and M. P. De Peña, “Chlorogenic acids, caffeine content and antioxidant properties of green coffee extracts: influence of green coffee bean preparation,” Eur. Food Res. Technol., vol. 242, pp. 1403–1409, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00217-016-2643-y.
- Martins, L. Barros, and I. C. F. R. Ferreira, “In vivo antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: Facts and gaps,” Trends Food Sci. Technol., vol. 48, pp. 1–12, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.008.
- Górecki and E. Hallmann, “The antioxidant content of coffee and its in vitro activity as an effect of its production method and roasting and brewing time,” Antioxidants, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 308, 2020, doi: 10.3390/antiox9040308.
- Antwerpes et al., “Coffee Intake and Neurocognitive Performance in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients (ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH),” Nutrients, vol. 12, p. 2532, 2020, doi: 10.3390/nu12092532.
- Jose-Abrego, I. Rivera-Iniguez, L. A. Torres-Reyes, and S. Roman, “Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of food nutrients and potential mechanisms of action,” Ann. Hepatol., 2022,
- Ding, Z. Cao, L. Cao, G. Ding, Z. Wang, and W. Xiao, “Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1/ H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, 2017, doi: 10.1038/srep45723.
- Abaidullah et al., “Chlorogenic acid is a positive regulator of MDA5, TLR7 and NF-κB signaling pathways mediated antiviral responses against Gammacoronavirus infection,” Int. Immunopharmacol., vol. 96, no. December 2020, p. 107671, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107671.
- Nouadi, A. Ezaouine, M. El Messal, M. Blaghen, F. Bennis, and F. Chegdani, “Prediction of Anti-COVID 19 Therapeutic Power of Medicinal Moroccan Plants Using Molecular Docking,” Bioinform. Biol. Insights, vol. 15, 2021, doi: 10.1177/11779322211009199.
- X. Wang, Y. R. Zhang, S. Y. Luo, Y. Sen Zhang, Y. Zhang, and C. Tang, “Chlorogenic acid, a natural product as potential inhibitor of COVID-19: virtual screening experiment based on network pharmacology and molecular docking,” Nat. Prod. Res., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 2580–2584, 2021, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1904923.
- K. Tiwari, C. Chu, X. Couroucli, B. Moorthy, and K. Lingappan, “Differential concentration-specific effects of caffeine on cell viability, oxidative stress, and cell cycle in pulmonary oxygen toxicity in vitro,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 450, no. 4, pp. 1345–1350, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.132.Differential.
- Lv et al., “Caffeine protects against alcoholic liver injury by attenuating inflammatory response and oxidative stress,” Inflamm. Res., vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 635–645, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0176-6.
- Syamimi Wan Kamarul Zaman, S. Peng Loh, N. Mohd Esa, and L. Su Peng, “Coffee and Gastrointestinal Health: A Review,” Malaysian J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 15, no. SP1, pp. 2636–9346, 2019.
- Budiman, F. F. Sofian, N. M. W. S. Santi, and D. L. Aulifa, “The Formulation of Lozenge Using Black Mulberries (Morus nigra L.) Leaf Extract as an α‐Glucosidase Inhibitor,” J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 171–176, 2020, doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS.
- A. Fadri, I. Roza, N. Tazar, and P. Y. Fajri, “Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Test of Arabika Roasted Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica L.) from Agam Regency,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Env. Sci, vol. 1097, p. 12028, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012028.
- Atomssa and A. V Gholap, “Characterization of caffeine and determination of caffeine in tea leaves using uv-visible spectrometer,” African J. Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2011,
- Budiman, P. Husni, Shafira, and T. Q. Alfauziah, “The development of glibenclamide-saccharin cocrystal tablet formulations to increase the dissolution rate of the drug,” Int. J. Appl. Pharm., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 359–364, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.22159/IJAP.2019V11I4.33802.
- “Use of dichloromethane for the decaffeination of coffee – DEMUS – Demus.” https://www.demus.it/en/pagina/utilizzo-del-diclorometano.htm (accessed Dec. 24, 2022).
- Toci, A. Farah, and L. C. Trugo, “Effect of decaffeination using dichloromethane on the chemical composition of arabica and robusta raw and roasted coffees,” Quim. Nova, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 965–971, 2006, doi: 10.1590/S0100-40422006000500015.