Abstract :
A study was carried out in order to compare the detection of Trichomonas gallinae by examination of smears of throat swab and culture of protozoa collected from both pigeon and chicken. In the present study, five culture media viz. Modified Diamond’s Media, Nutrient broth, Medium 199, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640) were used for culture of T. gallinae. Microscopic examination of wet mount/ Giemsa stained smear and culture of the T. gallinae revealed the latter method to be superior to wet mount preparation or staining methods.
Keywords :
Diamond’s Media, in vitro culture, MEM, microscopy, RPMI-1640, Trichomonas gallinae.References :
- Dey, A.R., Begum, N., Paul, S.C., Noor, M., and Islam, K.M. 2010. Prevalence and pathology of blood protozoa in pigeons reared at Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. J. Bio. Res. 2 (12), 25-29.
- Jahan, N., Chandra, R., and Shoeb, M. 2011. Parasitimic load of haematozoan parasites in Rock pigeons (Columba livia). Recent. Res. Sci. Tech. 3(6), 9-11.
- Eljadar, M., Saad, W., and Elfadel, G. 2012. A study on the prevalence of endoparasites of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) inhabiting in the Green Mountain Region of Libya. J. American Sci. 8 (12), 191-193
- Girard, Y.A., Rogers, K.H., Woods, L.W., Chouicha, N., Miller, W.A., and Johnson, C.K. 2014. Dualpathogen etiology of avian trichomonosis in a declining band-tailed pigeon population. Infect. Genet. Evol. 24:146–56
- Saleem, M., Khan, Ms. A.S., Chaudry, A., and Samad, H. 2008. Prevalence of trichomoniasis in domestic and wild pigeons and its effects on hematological parameters. Pak. Vet. J. 28(2), 89-91.
- Borji, H., Razmi, G. H., and Movassaghi, A. H. 2011. Prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons of Iran. J. Parasit. Dis. 35(2),186-189.
- Nematollahi, A., Ebrahimi, M., Ahmadi, A., and Himan, M. 2012. Prevalence of Haemoproteus columbae and Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Isfahan, Iran. J. Parasit. Dis. 36, 141-142.
- Saikia, M. 2016. Studies on protozoa infection of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in Assam. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22.
- Cauthen, G. E., and M. M. Harris. 1935. The cultivation of Trichomonas columbae free from bacteria. J. Hyg. 22, 364-365.
- Stabler, R. M. 1954. Trichomonas gallinae: a review. Exp. Parasitol. 3, 368-402.
- Honigberg, B.M., Becker, R.D., Livingston, M.C., and McLure, M.T. 1964. The behaviour and pathogenicity of two strains of Trichomonas gallinae in cell cultures. J. Protozool. 447-465.
- Honigberg, B.M. 1978. Trichomonads of importance in human medicine. In: Parasitic Protozoa. Kreiger, J.P. (Ed), Academic Press, Inc., New York.
- DeCarli, G., and Tasca, T. 2002.Trichomonas gallinae: a possible contact-dependent mechanism in the haemolytic activity. Vet. Parasitol. 106, 277-283.
- Grabensteiner, E., Bilic, I., Kolbe, T., and Hess, M. 2010. Molecular analysis of clonal trichomonad isolates indicate the existence of heterogenic species present in different birds and within the same host. Vet. Parasitol. 172, 53–64.
- Hamad, S.S., Hazha, H., and Hassan, H. 2017. Isolation, Diagnosis and Cultivation of Trichomonas gallinae from Domestic Pigeon in Kirkuk City, Iraq. J. Curr. Res. Aca. Rev.5 (2), 10-18
- Raza, A., Qamar, M.F., Rubtsova, N., and Saneela, S. 2018. Pathogenicity and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Culture Media for Identification of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeons of Lahore, Pakistan. J. Protozool. Res. 28, 11-21.
- Tasca, T., and De Carli, G.A. 2003. Scanning electron microscopy study of Trichomonas gallinae. Vet Parasitol. 118, 37-42.
- Diamond, L.S. 1957. The establishment of various Trichomonas of animals and man in axenic cultures. Parasitol. 43, 488-490.
- Kharofa, W.A. 1999. An epidemiological study and cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis in Mosul City. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul.
- Borchardt, K.A., and Smith, R.F. 1991. An evaluation of an inpouch TV culture method for diagnosis Trichomonas vaginalis infection, Med. 67, 49-52.
- Kaufman, R. H., Faro, S., and Brown, D. 2004. Benign Diseases of the Vulva and Vagina, 5th, Mosby, Maryland Heights, MO, USA.
- Cooper, J. E., and Petty, S. J. 1988. Trichomoniasis in free-living goshawks (Accipiter gentilis gentilis) from Great Britain. Wildl. Dis. 24, 80-87.
- Bunbury, N., Bell, D., Jones, C., Greenwood, A., and Hunter, P. 2005. Comparison of the InPouch TF culture system and wet-mount microscopy for diagnosis of Trichomonas gallinae infections in the pink pigeon Columba mayeri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43,1005–1006. doi: 10.1128/ JCM.43.2.1005-1006.
- Kietzmann, G.E. 1993. Relationship of Trichomonas gallinae to the palatal–esophageal junction of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Parasitol. 79, 408-415.
- Coles, E.H. 1980.Vet. Clinical Pathology. Sounder’s Company, Philadelphia.
- Johnson, G., and Trusseil, R. E. 1943. Experimental basis for the chemotherapy of Trichomonas vaginalis Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 54,245-249.
- Kupferberg, A. B., Johnson, G., and Sprince. H. 1948. Nutritional requirements for Trichomonas vaginalis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 67, 304-308.
- Mckeon, T., Dunsmore, J., and Raidal, S.R. 1997. Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 75, 652-655.
- Amin, A., Neubauer, C., Liebhart, D., Grabensteiner, E., and Hess, M. 2010. Axenization and optimization of in vitro growth of clonal cultures of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae. Exp. Parasitol. 124, 202–208