Abstract :

This study aims to examine the relationship between Locus of Control (LOC), Naturalistic Intelligence (NI), and Behavioral Citizenship (BC) in the context of sustainable cities in Indonesia. The primary objective is to investigate how LOC influences BC and the mediating role of NI in this relationship. The research was conducted in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, with a sample of 200 participants. Data were collected using a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale, and analysis was performed using Path Analysis with SmartPLS software. The key findings demonstrate that LOC positively impacts both NI and BC, with NI serving as a significant mediator between LOC and BC. Individuals with a high sense of control over their lives and strong naturalistic intelligence are more likely to engage in pro-environmental and community-oriented behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of psychological factors in promoting sustainable citizenship behaviors. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of naturalistic intelligence as a crucial mediator in the relationship between personal control and active citizenship. It also offers practical insights for urban policymakers and community leaders, emphasizing the need to incorporate environmental education and psychological empowerment into urban sustainability programs to foster greater community engagement and responsibility.

---

Keywords :

Citizenship Behavior, Locus of Control, Naturalistic Intelligence.

---

References :

1. Agarwal, T., Singh, B., Kapadnis, C., Bartake, R. K., Nikam, R., & Jabade, S. (2022). Music engagement and performance on gardner’s intelligence scale among adolescents. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 2596–2605.
2. Anderson, B. (2017). Using Dr. Howard Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences To Connect 4th-8th Grade Students To Nature.
3. Aziz, F., Md Rami, A. A., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., & Ahrari, S. (2021). Effects of emotions and ethics on pro-environmental behavior of university employees: a model based on the theory of planned behavior. Sustainability, 13(13), 7062.
4. Azzopardi, B., Juhel, J., & Auffray, C. (2015). Aging and performance on laboratory and naturalistic prospective memory tasks: The mediating role of executive flexibility and retrospective memory. Intelligence, 52, 24–35.
5. Beery, T., & Jørgensen, K. A. (2018). Children in nature: sensory engagement and the experience of biodiversity. Environmental Education Research, 24(1), 13–25.
6. Boiral, O. (2009). Greening the corporation through organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 221–236.
7. Bruzzone, M., Dameri, R. P., & Demartini, P. (2021). Resilience reporting for sustainable development in cities. Sustainability, 13(14), 7824.
8. Camboim, G. F., Zawislak, P. A., & Pufal, N. A. (2019). Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 154–167.
9. Delpechitre, D., Beeler-Connelly, L. L., & Chaker, N. N. (2018). Customer value co-creation behavior: A dyadic exploration of the influence of salesperson emotional intelligence on customer participation and citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 92, 9–24.
10. Dreyer, H., Sonnenberg, N., & Van der Merwe, D. (2022). Transcending linearity in understanding green consumer behaviour: A social–cognitive framework for behaviour changes in an emerging economy context. Sustainability, 14(22), 14855.
11. Green, Z. A. (2019). Multiple intelligences mediate generalized self-efficacy and academic achievement. Baltic Journal of Psychology, 20(1, 2), 34–51.
12. Gutberlet, J., Sorroche, S., Martins Baeder, A., Zapata, P., & Zapata Campos, M. J. (2021). Waste pickers and their practices of insurgency and environmental stewardship. The Journal of Environment & Development, 30(4), 369–394.
13. Hsu, S. H.-Y., & Yen, H. R. (2016). Predicting good deeds in virtual communities of consumption: the cross-level interactions of individual differences and member citizenship behaviors. Internet Research, 26(3), 689–709.
14. Huttunen, S., Ojanen, M., Ott, A., & Saarikoski, H. (2022). What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research. Energy Research & Social Science, 91, 102714.
15. Ibáñez-Rueda, N., Guillén-Royo, M., & Guardiola, J. (2020). Pro-environmental behavior, connectedness to nature, and wellbeing dimensions among granada students. Sustainability, 12(21), 9171.
16. Ives, C. D., Abson, D. J., Von Wehrden, H., Dorninger, C., Klaniecki, K., & Fischer, J. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 13, 1389–1397.
17. Kim, J. J., Kang, H., Tan, H., & Hwang, J. (2024). Environmental Locus of Control in Island Travelers and Pro‐Environmental Behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(5), e2781.
18. Li, Y., Beeton, R. J. S., Sigler, T., & Halog, A. (2019). Enhancing the adaptive capacity for urban sustainability: A bottom-up approach to understanding the urban social system in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 235, 51–61.
19. Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., & Qian, S. (2016). Leader emotional intelligence and subordinate job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of main, mediator, and moderator effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 13–24.
20. Ningrum, Z. B., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Herdiansyah, H. (2018). Naturalistic intelligence and environmental awareness among graduate students. E3S Web of Conferences, 68, 2004.
21. Petricli, G., Inkaya, T., & Emel, G. G. (2024). Identifying green citizen typologies by mining household-level survey data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 189, 113957.
22. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1.
23. Schild, R. (2018). Fostering environmental citizenship: The motivations and outcomes of civic recreation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(5–6), 924–949.
24. Scott, B. A., Amel, E. L., & Manning, C. M. (2021). Psychology for sustainability. Routledge.
25. Semeraro, T., Zaccarelli, N., Lara, A., Sergi Cucinelli, F., & Aretano, R. (2020). A bottom-up and top-down participatory approach to planning and designing local urban development: Evidence from an urban university center. Land, 9(4), 98.
26. Shagirbasha, S., Madhan, K., Iqbal, J., & Khan, H. (2024). Service before self: exploring resilience and locus of control in the frontline service effort behavior. Journal of Service Theory and Practice.
27. Sherman, A. C., Higgs, G. E., & Williams, R. L. (1997). Gender differences in the locus of control construct. Psychology and Health, 12(2), 239–248.
28. Stephan, U., Patterson, M., Kelly, C., & Mair, J. (2016). Organizations driving positive social change: A review and an integrative framework of change processes. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1250–1281.
29. Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424.
30. Sutiyoso, B. U., & Faedlulloh, D. (2024). Navigating social capital development through organisational citizenship behaviour in local government bureaucracy. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2386708.
31. Sze-Yeung Lai, C., & Chi-leung Hui, P. (2021). Service-learning: Impacts of learning motivation and learning experience on extended social/civic engagement. Higher Education Research & Development, 40(2), 400–415.
32. Topal, H. F., Hunt, D. V. L., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2021). Exploring urban sustainability understanding and behaviour: A systematic review towards a conceptual framework. Sustainability, 13(3), 1139.
33. Tuan, L. T. (2018). Activating tourists’ citizenship behavior for the environment: the roles of CSR and frontline employees’ citizenship behavior for the environment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(7), 1178–1203. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1330337
34. Wang, L., & Lv, M. (2020). Internal-external locus of control scale. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2339–2343.
35. Wang, S., Wang, J., Li, J., & Yang, F. (2020). Do motivations contribute to local residents’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviors? Resident-destination relationship and pro-environmental climate perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 834–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1707215
36. Woosnam, K. M., Strzelecka, M., Nisbett, G. S., & Keith, S. J. (2019). Examining millennials’ global citizenship attitudes and behavioral intentions to engage in environmental volunteering. Sustainability, 11(8), 2324.
37. Yuriev, A., Dahmen, M., Paillé, P., Boiral, O., & Guillaumie, L. (2020). Pro-environmental behaviors through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104660.
38. Zakiy, M., Santoso, C. B., Rosari, R., & Tjahjono, H. K. (2024). Islamic locus of control concept and its implications on individual behavior in organizations. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research.
39. Zhao, H., Zhou, Q., He, P., & Jiang, C. (2021). How and when does socially responsible HRM affect employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors toward the environment? Journal of Business Ethics, 169, 371–385.