Abstract :
This paper comprehends that commercialization in Indonesia, especially in the plantation sector, has increased every year. In this paper, the focus of this research is on oil palm plantations which are expected to increase every year. One of the actors playing a role in this expansion is farmer households. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and describe gender aspects and roles in oil palm farmer households. This research used qualitative and quantitative approaches. There were 20 informants in the study for qualitative data and 80 respondents for quantitative data. The types of data used in this research were secondary data and primary data. Primary data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from literature studies and documents related to this paper. The results of this study reveal that this expansion changes and influences gender aspects in oil palm farmer households, such as increasing women’s working time due to entering productive sectors, and the emergence of new sources of economic income for women.
Keywords :
Expansion, gender, Oil PalmReferences :
- Barbier, Edward B. (2004). Agricultural Expansion, Resource Booms And Growth In Latin America: Implications For Long-Run Economic Development. World Development (Vol 32, Issue 1) , Pp 137-157.
- Biggs, Eloise M al. .(2014). Environmental Livelihood Security in Southeast Asia and Oceania A Water-Energy-Food-Livelihoods Nexus Approach for Spatially Assessing Change. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka www.iwmi.org. ISBN: 978-92-9090-807-4.
- Christensen Raymond P. & Harold T. Yee. (1964). The Role of Agricultural Productivity in Economic Development. Journal of Farm Economics 46, No. 5, Proceedings Number Dec., 1964, pp. 1051-1061.
- K. Omari. (1988). Rural Women Informal Sektor and Household Economy in Tanzania. World Institute for development economics Research: Helsinki.
- Creswell, John W. (2013). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
- Creswell, John W. (2015). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset Memilih Diantara Lima Pendekatan edisi ke tiga. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
- Dicka Ruth Meinzen, Agnes Quisumbinga & Cheryl Dossb, Sophie Theisa. (2017). Women’s land rights as a pathway to poverty reduction: Framework and review of available evidence. Agricultural Systems (xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx).
- Dietz .Kristina, Bettina Engels, Oliver Pye and Achim Brunnengraber. (2016). The Political Ecology Of Agrofuels. Routledge ISBN: 978-1-138-01315-5 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-79540-9 (Ebk).
- Ditjenbun Pertanian. (2017). Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia 2015-2017 Kelapa Sawit. Secretariat Direktoral Jenderal Perkebunan: Kementrian Pertanian.
- Dharmawan AH, Dyah Ita Mardiyaningsih, Bayu Eka Yulian. (2016). Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Dan Perubahan Sosial, Ekonomi Dan Ekologi Pedesaan: Studi Kasus Di Kutai Kartanegara. Pusat Studi Pembangunan Pertanian Dan Pedesaan – Institut Pertanian Bogor.
- Elmhirst, Rebecca, Siscawati, Mia and Sijapati Basnett, Bimbika. (2015). Navigating Investment and Dispossession: Gendered Impacts of the Oil Palm ‘Land Rush’ in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conference Paper No. 69. An international academic conference 5‐6 June 2015, Chiang Mai University.
- A Enwelu, Onyenkwo, D. U, Dimelu, M.U, Nwalieji, H. U. (2016). Gender Role in Sustainable Palm Oil Production in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension. (Vol. 20 (2)).
- (2018). Small Family Farms Country Factsheet. FAO, 2018. I8881en/1/03.18.
- Julia and Ben White. (2011). The gendered politics of dispossession: oil palm expansion in a Dayak Hibun community in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011.
- S. Amir. (2011). Masyarakat Adat Minangkabau Terancam Punah. Citra Harta Prima: Jakarta.
- (2012). Women’s Economic Empowerment the Oecd Dac Network on Gender Equality (Gendernet) Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: The Role of Empowerment.
- Savath Vivien, Diana Fletschner, Amber Peterman, Florence Santos. (2014). Land, Assets, and Livelihoods Gendered Analysis of Evidence from Odisha State in India. Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division, IFPRI Discussion Paper.
- (2012). Gender, Agriculture and Food Security. 2012 United Nations Development Programme.