Abstract :
Sambal is a traditional Indonesian spice that has been an essential component of Indonesian cuisine for centuries. Today, it is considered a staple spice in all Indonesian dishes. The popularity of sambal has attracted many new restaurants of varying scales to enter the spicy food market and utilize the “Sambel” brand as their restaurant attraction. Jakarta, which is one of the eight primary cities in Indonesia, ranks fourth with the most restaurant dine-in visits in 2022. As per the data provided by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), there are 6,780 restaurant units in Indonesia of medium to large scale. Jakarta secures the top spot as the province with the most medium-scale restaurants in Indonesia, with 3,062 units in 2021. Sambel Korek DNO is one of the dining places in Jakarta with the Sambel, the central outlet is located in Sumur Batu Kemayoran. This establishment is the highest contributor to the sales of Sambel Korek DNO as compared to other establishments. The significant consumption levels of Jakartans and their fondness for spicy cuisine drive new entries to launch their street food stalls, small establishments, and restaurants under the Sambel brand, causing an increase in competition. However, the sales of DNO Korek Sambal did not meet the target this year due to a decline in the number of customers dining at this outlet. This could be attributed to low brand awareness, as many other eateries also use the “Sambel” branding. Additionally, customers’ perception of quality may be influenced by the similarity in offerings with other major players in the “Sambel” market, such as Waroeng SS and Sambal Bakar Indonesia. This research wants to analyze whether perceived value and attitude could mediate brand awareness and perceived quality toward purchase intention for potential customers and existing customers. This research is conducted using SPSS and PLS-SEM. Resulting that Attitude has no mediating effects on brand awareness and perceived quality towards purchase intention. However, perceived quality has mediating effects on brand awareness and perceived quality towards attitude, which has a significant influence on purchase intention.
Keywords :
Attitude, Brand awareness, Perceived Quality, perceived value, Purchase Intention.References :
- JakartaProv-CSIRT, “Provinsi Dki Jakarta Dalam Angka (Dki Jakarta Province in Figures 2022),” Badan Pusat Statistik, pp. 1–876, 2022, Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://csirt.jakarta.go.id/portal/profil%0Ahttps://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/5979600247867d861a1f334c/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html
- Pusparisa, “Kunjungan ke Restoran Meningkat di 8 Kota Besar setelah Pelonggaran PSBB,” Kadata. Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/09/15/kunjungan-ke-restoran-meningkat-di-8-kota-besar-setelah-pelonggaran-psbb
- Adi, “10 Provinsi dengan Restoran Skala Menengah-Besar Terbanyak di Indonesia,” Kadata. Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/07/18/10-provinsi-dengan-restoran-skala-menengah-besar-terbanyak-di-indonesia#:~:text=Provinsi%20lain%20yang%20memiliki%20restoran,rincian%20seperti%20terlihat%20pada%20grafik
- Viva Budy Kusnandar, “Ini Biaya Belanja Makanan Penduduk Kota di 34 Provinsi Indonesia.” Accessed: Dec. 03, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/12/20/ini-biaya-belanja-makanan-penduduk-kota-di-34-provinsi-indonesia
- Al Azhari, “Menurut Survei, Mayoritas Milenial dan Gen Z Lebih Suka Membeli Makanan Ketimbang Masak Sendiri – Jakarta Daily Indonesia,” JakartaDaily. Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://indonesia.jakartadaily.id/lifestyle/6938980386/menurut-survei-mayoritas-milenial-dan-gen-z-lebih-suka-membeli-makanan-ketimbang-masak-sendiri
- Surya and F. Tedjakusuma, “Diversity of sambals, traditional Indonesian chili pastes,” Journal of Ethnic Foods, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1186/S42779-022-00142-7/FIGURES/6.
- Kotler, Philip, Armstrong, Gary, Opresnik, and Marc Oliver, Principle of Marketing, 17th ed. Harlow: Pearson, 2018.
- Shwastika and K. Keni, “The Effect of Brand Awareness, Social Media Marketing, Perceived Quality, Hedonic Motivation, and Sales Promotion Towards Consumers Intention to Purchase in Fashion Industry,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021), vol. 570, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.2991/ASSEHR.K.210805.004.
- P. Graciola, D. De Toni, G. S. Milan, and L. Eberle, “Mediated-moderated effects: High and low store image, brand awareness, perceived value from mini and supermarkets retail stores,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 55, p. 102117, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2020.102117.
- Jacob, “Brand Awareness, Customer Experience, and Perceived Value: Does Product Type Affect their Relationships?,” 2021.
- C. C. Lu, D. Gursoy, and C. Y. Lu, “Authenticity perceptions, brand equity and brand choice intention: The case of ethnic restaurants,” Int J Hosp Manag, vol. 50, pp. 36–45, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHM.2015.07.008.
- Foroudi, M. Palazzo, and A. Sultana, “Linking brand attitude to word-of-mouth and revisit intentions in the restaurant sector,” British Food Journal, vol. 123, no. 13, pp. 221–240, 2021, doi: 10.1108/BFJ-11-2020-1008/FULL/PDF.
- A. Tizazu, “The Relationship Between Brand Equity and Customers’ Attitude Towards Brand Extension for High Involvement Consumer Products,” Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 2018.
- A. Zeithaml, “Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence,” J Mark, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 2, Jul. 1988, doi: 10.2307/1251446.
- C. Wu, “The effects of customer satisfaction, perceived value, corporate image and service quality on behavioral intentions in gaming establishments,” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 540–565, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1108/APJML-03-2014-0049/FULL/XML.
- T. M. Pham, H. N. Do, and T. M. Phung, “The Effect of Brand Equity and Perceived Value on Customer Revisit Intention: A Study in Quick-Service Restaurants in Vietnam,” Acta Oeconomica Pragensia, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 14–30, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.18267/J.AOP.555.
- M. Jeon and S. R. Yoo, “The relationship between brand experience and consumer-based brand equity in grocerants,” Service Business, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 369–389, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S11628-021-00439-8/FIGURES/2.
- Q. Souki, L. M. Antonialli, Á. A. da S. Barbosa, and A. S. Oliveira, “Impacts of the perceived quality by consumers’ of à la carte restaurants on their attitudes and behavioural intentions,” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 301–321, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1108/APJML-11-2018-0491.
- KHAN, N. AHMED, and H. I. HUSSAIN, “IMPACT OF PERCEIVED QUALITY ON CONSUMER ATTITUDE IN FOOD INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN,” Turkish Journal of Marketing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 181–198, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.30685/TUJOM.V3I3.57.
- Park, H. Hyun, and T. Thavisay, “A study of antecedents and outcomes of social media WOM towards luxury brand purchase intention,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 58, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2020.102272.
- C. Sweeney and G. N. Soutar, “Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale,” Journal of Retailing, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 203–220, Jun. 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00041-0.
- Peng and S. Liang, “The Effects Of Consumer Perceived Value On Purchase Intention In E-Commerce Platform: A Time-Limited Promotion Perspective,” ICEB 2013 Proceedings (Singapore), Dec. 2013, Accessed: Oct. 06, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://aisel.aisnet.org/iceb2013/10
- Octavia Iswanti, “CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION DI WARUNG RAWIT RESTORAN KHAS KALIMANTAN, PIK,” Hospitour: Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Innovation, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–9, May 2022, Accessed: Oct. 02, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://ojs.uph.edu/index.php/HOS/article/view/5428
- S. T. Wang, “Impact of Multiple Perceived Value on Consumers’ Brand Preference and Purchase Intention: A Case of Snack Foods,” Journal of Food Products Marketing, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 386–397, 2010, doi: 10.1080/10454446.2010.509242.
- P. Ondang, “INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED VALUE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION TO BILLY COFFE HOUSE CUSTOMER AT MEGA SMART AREA MANADO,” Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, vol. 15, no. 5, Dec. 2015, Accessed: Oct. 12, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/jbie/article/view/10475
- R. H. Hati, I. Zulianti, A. Achyar, and A. Safira, “Perceptions of nutritional value, sensory appeal, and price influencing customer intention to purchase frozen beef: Evidence from Indonesia,” Meat Sci, vol. 172, p. 108306, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.MEATSCI.2020.108306.
- Asiah Omar et al., “The Mediating Role of Attitude in the Relationship Between the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Attributes of Japanese Frozen Foods and Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Them: Evidence from Malaysia,” The South East Asian Journal of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 5, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.21002/seam.v17i1.1312.
- [28] Z. Hoque, M. Nurul Alam, and K. A. Nahid, “Health Consciousness and Its Effect on Perceived Knowledge, and Belief in the Purchase Intent of Liquid Milk: Consumer Insights from an Emerging Market,” Foods, vol. 7, no. 9, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.3390/FOODS7090150.
- Hanjani, W. 12prodi, A. Bisnis, F. Komunikasi, and D. Bisnis, “Consumer Purchase Intention,” Jurnal Sekretaris dan Administrasi Bisnis, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39–50, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.31104/JSAB.V3I1.90.
- H. Tamene, “THEORIZING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK,” Asian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 4, no. 2, 2016, Accessed: Dec. 09, 2023. [Online]. Available: www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com
- K. Malhotra, D. F. Birks, and D. Nunan, “Marketing Research : An Applied Approach, 5th Edition,” 2017, Accessed: Dec. 10, 2023. [Online]. Available: //opaclib.inaba.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1661&keywords=
- S. Omer, A. Q. Adeleke, and C. K. Lee, “A Pre-Test via Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling with the Influence of Organisational Structures and Organisational Internal Factors on Construction Risk Management Among Malaysian Construction Industries,” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6 Special Issue 4, pp. 402–406, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.35940/IJITEE.F1081.0486S419.
- Kaliyadan and V. Kulkarni, “Types of Variables, Descriptive Statistics, and Sample Size,” Indian Dermatol Online J, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 82, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.4103/IDOJ.IDOJ_468_18.
- W. Kuhar, “Experimental Design: Basic Concepts,” Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, pp. 693–695, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-045337-8.00224-2.
- Ghozali and H. Latan, “Partial Least Squares : Konsep, Teknik dan Aplikasi Menggunakan Program SmartPLS 3.0, -2/E.,” ICB Research Reports, no. 9, 2015, Accessed: Dec. 12, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://openlibrary.telkomuniversity.ac.id/home/catalog/id/117046/slug/partial-least-squares-konsep-teknik-dan-aplikasi-menggunakan-program-smartpls-3-0-2-e-.html
- F. Hair, H. G. T, & Ringle C. M., and S. M, “A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM),” p. 384, 2017.
- F. Hair, J. J. Risher, M. Sarstedt, and C. M. Ringle, “When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM,” European Business Review, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 2–24, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.
- F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarsted, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd ed., no. 1–2. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.002.
- H. M. Dzin and Y. F. Lay, “Validity and Reliability of Adapted Self-Efficacy Scales in Malaysian Context Using PLS-SEM Approach,” 2021, doi: 10.3390/educsci11110676.
- Kaliyadan and V. Kulkarni, “Types of Variables, Descriptive Statistics, and Sample Size,” Indian Dermatol Online J, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 82, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.4103/IDOJ.IDOJ_468_18.
- Ghasemi and S. Zahediasl, “Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians,” Int J Endocrinol Metab, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 486, 2012, doi: 10.5812/IJEM.3505.
- Mishra, C. M. Pandey, U. Singh, A. Gupta, C. Sahu, and A. Keshri, “Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical Data,” Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 67, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.4103/ACA.ACA_157_18.
- Nachar, “The Mann-Whitney U: A Test for Assessing Whether Two Independent Samples Come from the Same Distribution,” Tutor Quant Methods Psychol, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 13–20, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.20982/TQMP.04.1.P013.
- S. T. Wang, “Effect of food service-brand equity on consumer-perceived food value, physical risk, and brand preference,” British Food Journal, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 553–564, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1108/BFJ-09-2013-0260/FULL/XML.
- N. Liu, C. Hu, M. C. Lin, T. I. Tsai, and Q. Xiao, “Brand knowledge and non-financial brand performance in the green restaurants: Mediating effect of brand attitude,” Int J Hosp Manag, vol. 89, p. 102566, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHM.2020.102566.
- Razak, S. T. Orfyanny, and S. Herman, “Brand awareness as predictors of repurchase intention: Brand attitude as a moderator,” Adv Soc Sci Res J, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 541–554, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.14738/assrj.62.6264.
- Yulianti and K. Keni, “Source Credibility, Perceived Quality, and Attitude Towards Brand as Predictor on Purchase Intention of Local Beauty Products,” Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management 2021 (ICEBM 2021), vol. 653, pp. 487–492, May 2022, doi: 10.2991/AEBMR.K.220501.074.
- Y. Jung and Y. K. Seock, “The impact of corporate reputation on brand attitude and purchase intention,” Fashion and Textiles, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–15, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1186/S40691-016-0072-Y/TABLES/4.
- Zardi, Y. Wardi, and S. Evanita, “Effect of Quality Products, Prices, Locations and Customer Satisfaction to Customer Loyalty Simpang Raya Restaurant Bukittinggi ‘Salero Nan Tau Raso,’” May 2019, doi: 10.2991/PICEEBA2-18.2019.75.
- Ryu, H. Han, and T. H. Kim, “The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions,” Int J Hosp Manag, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 459–469, Sep. 2008, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHM.2007.11.001.
- X. Le and H. Wang, “Integrative perceived values influencing consumers’ attitude and behavioral responses toward mobile location-based advertising: an empirical study in Vietnam,” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 275–295, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1108/APJML-08-2019-0475.
- Hameed, I. A. Malik, N. U. Hadi, and M. A. Raza, “Brand awareness and purchase intention in the age of digital communication: A moderated mediation model of celebrity endorsement and consumer attitude,” Online J Commun Media Technol, vol. 13, no. 2, p. e202309, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.30935/OJCMT/12876.