Abstract :

Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) is a derivative of graphene which has good electrical conductivity, so it can be used as a composite in the industrial sector. The manufacture of graphene oxide (GO) as the basic material for r-GO is carried out using green chemistry one of them is using the sonication technique and citric acid reductant. This research aims to isolated r-GO from East Kalimantan Bituminous coal which has 70,24% carbon content. The citric acid was varied on 10%, 30%, and 50% and the applies sonication duration was 10, 30, and 50 minutes. In order to obtain the optimal r-GO which was evaluated according to the lowest yield. The optimal condition took place at 10% citric acid under 50 minutes sonication. The r-GO was characterized using FTIR and it showed that the peaks of C-OH, C=C, and C-O-C exhibiting the high %T. The morphology of selected r-GO was closed to the references based on SEM analysis. There was an increase about 50,20% of carbon content in r-GO (84,412%) compared to the GO (56,199%). On the other hand, the percentage of oxygen decreased by 64,27% for GO (23,785%) to selected r-GO (8,498%). There was a change of C:O ratio, from 2,409 (GO) to 9,935 (r-GO). Its density and pH for r-GO were 1,4 g/cm³ and 2.

---

Keywords :

Bituminous, Citric acid, GO, r-GO, Sonication

---

References :

1. Putri, R. I., Situntun, Y. B., Rindawati, P. I., & Anjarwati, R. (2022). Geologi dan Pemodelan Geometri Ketebalan SertaSebaran Batubara Pada Daerah Purwajaya Kecamatan Loa Janan Kalimantan Timur. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral FT UNMUL, 10(2), 38–49. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jtm.v10i2.9724
2. Yustanti, E. (2012). Pencampuran Batubara Coking dengan Batubara Lignite Hasil Karbonisasi sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Kokas. Jurnal Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah, 15(1).
3. Haryadi, H., & Suciyanti, M. (2018). Analisis Perkiraan Kebutuhan Batubara untuk Industri Domestik Tahun 2020-2035 dalam Mendukung Kebijakan Domestic Market Obligation dan Kebijakan Energi Nasional. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, 14(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.30556/jtmb.vol14.no1.2018.192
4. Mutrofin, S., Wardhani, S., & Khunur, M. M. (2021). Preparasi Nanopartikel Batubara Loa Janan Kalimantan Timur Hasil Pencucian dengan Teknik Sonikasi. Malang.
5. Hou, D., Li, K., Ma, R., & Liu, Q. (2020). Influence of order degree of coaly graphite on its structure change during preparation of graphene oxide. Journal of Materiomics, 6(3), 628–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2020.04.009
6. Khan, M., Tahir, M. N., Adil, S. F., Khan, H. U., Siddiqui, M. R. H., Al-Warthan, A. A., & Tremel, W. (2015). Graphene Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Their Applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3(37), 18753–18808. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02240a
7. Jiříčková, A., Jankovský, O., Sofer, Z., & Sedmidubský, D. (2022). Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Oxide. Materials, 15(3), 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030920
8. Tiwari, S. K., Sahoo, S., Wang, N., & Huczko, A. (2020). Graphene Research and Their Outputs: Status and Prospect. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 5(1), 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2020.01.006
9. Kigozi, M., Koech, R. K., Kingsley, O., Ojeaga, I., Tebandeke, E., Kasozi, G. N., & Onwualu, A. P. (2020). Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide from Locally Mined Graphite Flakes and Its Supercapacitor Applications. Results in Materials, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2020.100113
10. Kusumattaqiin, F., Ramli, R., Kurnyawaty, N., Halik, A., & Hira, T. (2020). ANALISA STRUKTUR OKSIDA GRAFENA TEREDUKSI. Dalton : Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Ilmu Kimia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31602/dl.v3i1.3107
11. Olabi, A. G., Abdelkareem, M. A., Wilberforce, T., & Sayed, E. T. (2021, January 1). Application Of Graphene In Energy Storage Device. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110026
12. Chen, J., Yao, B., Li, C., & Shi, G. (2013). An improved Hummers method for eco-friendly synthesis of graphene oxide. Carbon, 64, 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.055
13. Andrijanto, E., Shoelarta, S., Subiyanto, G., & Rifki, S. (2016). Facile synthesis of graphene from graphite using ascorbic acid as reducing agent (p. 020003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945457
14. Manoj, B., & Narayanan, P. (2013). Study of Changes to the Organic Functional Groups of a High Volatile Bituminous Coal during Organic Acid Treatment Process by FTIR Spectroscopy. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 01(02), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.12008
15. Rasyida, K., Kuswandi, B., & Kristiningrum, N. (2014). Deteksi Kemurnian Air Zamzam Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan Kemometrik (Detection of Zamzam Water Purity Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Technique and Chemometrics). E-Jurna Pustaka Kesehatan, 2(2), 320–326.
16. Sanjiwani, N. M. S., Paramitha, D. A. I., Wibawa, A. A. C., Ariawan, I. M. D., Megawati, F., Dewi, N. W. T., … Sudiarsa, I. W. (2020). Pembuatan Hair Tonic Berbahan  Dasar Lidah Buaya dan Analisis dengan Fourier Transform Infrared. Journal IKIP PGRI Bali, 21(1), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756902
17. Saeedkia, Daryoosh. (2016). Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-00661-2
18. Noroozi, M., Zakaria, A., Radiman, S., & Abdul Wahab, Z. (2016). Environmental Synthesis of Few Layers Graphene Sheets Using Ultrasonic Exfoliation with Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Properties. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0152699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152699
19. Firnando, H. G., & Astuti. (2015). Pengaruh Suhu Pada Proses Sonikasi Terhadap Morfologi Partikel dan Kristalinitas Nanopartikel Fe3O4. Jurnal Fisika Unand, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.25077/jfu.4.1.%25p.2015
20. Abdurrojaq, N., Devitasari, R. D., Aisyah, L., Nur, Faturrahman, Bahtiar, S., … Maymuchar. (2021). Perbandingan Uji Densitas Menggunakan Metode ASTM D1298 dengan ASTM D4052 pada Bioodiesel Berbasis Kelapa Sawit. Lembaran Publikasi Minyak dan Gas Bumi, 55(1), 47–55. Retrieved from http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id
21. Sitindaon, D., & Harahap, M. H. (2014). Pengaruh Penambahan Styrofoam Pada Pembuatan Beton Ringan Menggunakan Pasir Merah Labuhan  Batu Selatan. Jurnal Einstein, 2(3), 14–19. Retrieved from http://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/einstein
22. Fatimura, M., Daryanti, & Santi. (2016). Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah Bekas Rumah Makan dengan Variasi Penambahan Katalis KOH pada Proses Transesterifikasi. Jurnal Redoks, 1(2), 35–44.
23. Torrisi, L., Cutroneo, M., Torrisi, A., & Silipigni, L. (2022). Measurements on Five Characterizing Properties of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Foils. physica status solidi (a), 219(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202100628
24. Konios, D., Stylianakis, M. M., Stratakis, E., & Kymakis, E. (2014). Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 430, 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.033
25. Devi, S. C., & Khan, R. A. (2020). Effect of Graphene Oxide on Mechanical and Durability Performance of Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101007
26. Fauzi, F., Sunu, D. W., & Dwandaru, B. (2021). Analisis Karakteristik Graphene Oxide dan Reduksinya melalui Gelombang Mikro. Jurnal Fisika, 11(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/jf.v11i1.28136
27. Tran, D. T., & Nguyen, V. N. (2020). rGO/persulfate metal-free catalytic system for the degradation of tetracycline: effect of reaction parameters. Materials Research Express, 7(7), 075501. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab9e47