Abstract :

Diabetes mellitus, or commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which results in insulin resistance, impaired insulin synthesis, or sometimes both. Diabetes affects roughly 400 million people worldwide and the majority being those who are from middle to low income countries. With 1.5 million diabetes related deaths worldwide each year, this literature review aims to give information about the 2 types of diabetes and also highlighting the appropriate preventative measures. Type 1 diabetes refers to the lack of insulin production and type 2 diabetes refers to lower production of insulin and increased insulin resistance; both will result in hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Furthermore, this literature review also aims to explore and describe the pathogenesis and treatments of the 2 types of diabetes.

---

Keywords :

Diabetes, Pathogenesis, Prevention., type 1, Type 2

---

References :

1. Ahmad, R., & Haque, M. (2021). Oral Health Messiers: Diabetes mellitus relevance. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 14, 3001–3015. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s318972
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, December 30). Diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/diabetes-kidney-disease.html
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, June 14). Diabetes and your skin. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-your-skin.html#:~:text=Diabetic%20 dermopathy,%2C%20itch%2C%20or%20open%20up.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, April 24). What is diabetes?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20main%20types, diabetes%20(diabetes%20while%20pregnant).
5. Chen, R., Ovbiagele, B., & Feng, W. (2016, April). Diabetes and stroke: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. The American journal of the medical sciences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298897/

6. Diabetes and kidney disease (stages 1-4). National Kidney Foundation. (2022, November 4). https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/Diabetes-and-Kidney-Disease-Stages1-4
7. Diabetes UK. (n.d.). Diabetes treatments. Diabetes UK. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/diabetes-treatments
8. DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018, June 16). Type 1 diabetes. Lancet (London, England). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661119/
9. Feldman, E. L. (2019). Diabetic neuropathy. PubMed Central (PMC). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9
10. Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020, August 30). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503727/

11. Katsarou A;Gudbjörnsdottir S;Rawshani A;Dabelea D;Bonifacio E;Anderson BJ;Jacobsen LM;Schatz DA;Lernmark Å; (n.d.). Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews. Disease primers. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28358037/

12. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, March 24). Diabetes prevention: 5 tips for taking control. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-prevention/art -20047639
13. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Diabetic retinopathy. National Eye Institute. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy #:~:text=Diabetes%20damages%20blood%20vessels%20all,that%20don’t%20work%20well.

14. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Symptoms & causes of diabetes NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes

15. S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Diabetic foot. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticfoot.html#:~:text=How%20does%20diabetes%20cause%20foot, of%20feeling%20in%20your%20feet.