Indonesian Diplomatic Strategy Management in Addressing the South China Sea Issues

: This research evaluates the geopolitical and environmental conditions of the South China Sea and proposes strategies for Indonesia in managing potential conflicts and resources in the region. Using qualitative methods that include literature reviews from official sources and academic studies, this research highlights the importance of active diplomacy, modernization of maritime defence, and sustainable management of natural resources. The results show that Indonesia must strengthen multilateral cooperation through ASEAN, increase naval capacity, and implement the blue economy. Recommendations also include developing maritime surveillance technology, improving infrastructure, and active participation in international forums such as the UN and implementing UNCLOS. Domestic efforts to increase public awareness and research collaboration are also considered essential for maintaining regional sovereignty and security.

competition, and internal strengths and weaknesses, organizations can anticipate risks and design plans to manage them proactively.This reduces the negative impact of unexpected changes and allows organizations to make necessary adjustments to their strategies, thereby remaining relevant and competitive in the market (Darvishmotevali et al., 2020).Implementation of planned strategies not only creates clear direction but also increases motivation and coordination within the organization.The shared vision resulting from the strategy process can be a source of inspiration for employees, increase team spirit, and strengthen cooperation between individuals.Strategic management also includes regular monitoring of performance, ensuring that the strategies that have been formulated are implemented well, as well as providing a framework for effective change management.This entire process, from planning to evaluation, makes strategic management an essential tool for organizations seeking long-term success in a competitive and dynamic business environment.Strategic management allows countries to carry out an in-depth analysis of the international and domestic environment (Hunger, 2020).Through this process, the government can identify potential threats and opportunities and design appropriate strategies to deal with and exploit the situation.For example, in the context of globalization and economic liberalization, countries need comprehensive strategies to compete in global markets, protecting domestic industries from unfair trade practices.This also applies to natural resource management, where good strategies will ensure sustainable and fair use for future generations (Hajian & Kashani, 2021).Strategic management can help in building national unity and integration, with the right strategy, the government can overcome differences and potential conflicts between ethnic, religious, or regional groups.Strategic programs designed to increase community participation and welfare can minimize social instability and strengthen a sense of nationality.

Claims and Disputes in the South China Sea
The South China Sea is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by several Southeast Asian and East Asian countries.Its geographic boundaries include China and Taiwan to the north, the Philippines to the east, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia to the south, and Vietnam and Cambodia to the west.The map illustrates the South China Sea, situated in Southeast Asia's portion of the western Pacific Ocean.This sea lies south of China, east and south of Vietnam, west of the Philippines, and north of Borneo (Kalimantan).The eastern coastline of the Malay Peninsula and the southern part of the Gulf of Thailand encircles it.Spanning approximately 3,700,000 square kilometres (1,350,000 square miles), the South China Sea's area surpasses that of India.The region is linked to the East China Sea via the Taiwan Strait and to the Philippine Sea through the Luzon Strait, both being marginal seas in the Pacific Ocean.Several nations border the South China Sea, including Malaysia (via Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia), Thailand (via the Gulf of Thailand), Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia (on Borneo).The South China Sea features numerous coral reefs, atolls, and small islands.Among the prominent archipelagos are the Paracel Islands, under Chinese control, and the Spratly Islands.The Spratly Islands are subject to entire claims by Taiwan, Vietnam, and China, with Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines each asserting claims to parts of the archipelago.(nationsonline.org,nd).
The South China Sea region is rich in natural resources such as oil and natural gas, which are estimated to have significant reserves (Xu et al., 2022), making it a hotly contested exploration target.In addition, this region is one of the most productive fisheries in the world, supporting the lives of millions of regional residents.High biodiversity also makes coral reefs in this area a vital ecosystem for marine life (Wang et al., 2021).The South China Sea is a vital shipping lane with trade value reaching trillions of dollars annually (Zhou et al., 2020), so it has enormous geopolitical significance.Control of this route provides significant strategic influence, making it crucial in the context of maritime security and regional stability.Territorial disputes in this region not only reflect claims over land and resources but also involve issues of national sovereignty, military power, and global power dynamics between major countries and the Asia Pacific region.
The South China Sea has been an arena for interaction and trade between nations for centuries.Since ancient times, these waters have been explored by sailors and traders from various civilizations, including China, India, and Arabia, who used these sea routes to trade spices, silk, and other luxury goods (Kwa & Han, 2023).In the 14th century, the Majapahit maritime empire from Indonesia also controlled most of these waters and established its influence through a robust naval fleet (Wiranto, 2020).The South China Sea is an integral part of the maritime route network known as the Maritime Silk Road, connecting the Western and Eastern worlds in international trade (Xie et al., 2020).
European explorers first arrived in this region in the 16th century, starting with Portuguese expeditions that opened the door to other colonial powers such as Spain, England, and the Netherlands (Zavala, 2022).European influence in the South China Sea region introduced new dynamics in resource control and exploitation, with various colonial countries establishing their trading posts and colonies (Hägerdal, 2024).Finance and trade became a primary focus, with the development of ports such as Malacca and Manila becoming essential trading hubs in the region.
In the 20th century, the South China Sea began to become the focus of more serious territorial disputes (Østhagen, 2020), especially after the discovery of oil and natural gas reserves (Ye et al., 2020).After World War II, various countries in the region began claiming parts of the waters and islands based on their respective historical and geographical investigations.China specifically asserts its historical claims through the "Nine-Dash Line " that covers almost the entire South China Sea.At the same time, other countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei also make their territorial claims.These tensions have increased over time due to the significant economic, strategic, and military value of this region, making it one of the geopolitical hotspots of the modern world.In the early 21st century, ASEAN tried to facilitate negotiations for a peaceful settlement of overlapping claims, but concrete progress was limited.Meanwhile, China continues to expand its physical presence on several islands, even building artificial islands and military facilities.This has sparked international concern and added to tensions with neighbouring countries and global powers such as the United States.

2010s to Present Current Situation
In recent years, the situation in the South China Sea has remained tense, with regular incidents between military and civilian vessels.The United States has stepped up freedom of navigation patrols in the region, challenging China's claims and supporting its regional allies.At the same time, multilateral negotiations continue, but a long-term solution acceptable to all parties remains challenging to achieve.

Source: Obtained from various sources
The table above shows that tensions in the South China Sea have been ongoing for several decades, involving several countries, such as China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam.Negotiations between ASEAN and China regarding the South China Sea continue, although they have yet to reach a final agreement.This development reflects the dynamism and complexity of diplomacy and geopolitics in the region.
Even though Indonesia is not directly involved in territorial disputes in the South China Sea (None et al. et al., 2022), this country is still affected by it because it has a significant interest in the stability of this maritime region.The area around the Natuna Islands, part of Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), sometimes overlaps with China's 'nine-dash line' claim.This led to several incidents in which Chinese fishing and coast guard vessels entered Indonesia's EEZ waters, sparking diplomatic tensions.Indonesia emphasizes that there are no overlapping claims with China around Natuna while pushing for a peaceful settlement and enforcement of international law such as UNCLOS (Octavian et al. et al., 2023).To protect its sovereignty, Indonesia is increasing its military presence around the Natuna Islands and strengthening its defence capacity.As an influential country in ASEAN, Indonesia also plays an active role in mediation and dialogue between member countries and China to maintain regional stability and minimize the potential for conflict.Thus, even though it is not directly involved, Indonesia remains vigilant and carries out various diplomatic efforts and increased defence to maintain national interests and regional stability in the South China Sea.
Indonesia's role in ASEAN regarding the South China Sea Indonesia plays a central role in ASEAN regarding disputes in the South China Sea by prioritizing diplomacy and mediation to maintain regional stability and peace.As one of the founding countries of ASEAN, Indonesia is often trusted to be a communication bridge between member countries involved in territorial claims and China.The approach taken is to encourage dispute resolution through peaceful dialogue and an international legal framework, primarily through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Yusa Djuyandi et al., 2020).Apart from that, Indonesia is also active in fighting for the preparation and implementation of a Code of Conduct (CoC) in the South China Sea, which is expected to develop clear rules and reduce the risk of conflict in disputed waters.Indonesia also strengthens its role by holding and facilitating multilateral meetings involving ASEAN countries and China to discuss ways to deal with maritime security issues.Through forums such as the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Regional Forum, Indonesia continues to promote the importance of regional peace and stability.It works to ensure that the South China Sea remains a safe and peaceful open waterway for all countries (Yulia Rimapradesi et al., 2023 ).These steps show Indonesia's commitment to strengthening ASEAN and maintaining the balance of power in the Southeast Asia region.When Indonesia assumes the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2023, it will prioritize handling the South China Sea dispute as an influential agenda item, facilitating more dialogue and stability initiatives to address regional issues.11.
2023 Consistency in Multilateral Diplomacy Indonesia continues to participate in forums such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the East Asia Summit (EAS) every year to encourage cooperative diplomacy and multilateralism in dispute resolution.

Source: Obtained from Various Sources
The table above shows Indonesia's role through continued involvement; Indonesia builds stability and security in the South China Sea region in a constructive manner and based on international law.Indonesia faces the South China Sea issue by adopting a foreign policy that emphasizes the principle of maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity while being committed to peaceful diplomacy (Ahmad Mustofa, 2022).This policy aims to create regional stability and maritime security and increase cooperation with countries in Southeast Asia and beyond.Through an approach that emphasizes diplomatic dispute resolution, Indonesia actively participates in regional forums such as ASEAN and strengthens bilateral relations with various countries (Ajeng et al. et al., 2023).To secure its maritime interests, Indonesia emphasizes maritime diplomacy and defence diplomacy.This step is realized through joint military exercises, joint maritime patrols, and the exchange of intelligence information with friendly countries.The aim is to build maritime capacity, increase the interoperability of the Indonesian Navy, and strengthen the security presence in the South China Sea region.This is in line with efforts to maintain freedom of navigation and ensure the peaceful handling of disputes by international law (Anak et al.Amandha, 2022).
At the domestic level, economic and political stability have a significant influence on Indonesia's foreign policy in the South China Sea.The government seeks to ensure that maritime policy is aligned with the national development agenda, which includes the exploration of natural resources, transportation routes, and empowerment of maritime communities.With internal solid stability, Indonesia can focus more on implementing a proactive and coordinated maritime strategy.Indonesia also strengthens its position through bilateral and multilateral relations and bases its steps on the principles of international law, especially the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Sarjito et al., 2022).Through international cooperation, Indonesia seeks consensus and support for its approach in the South China Sea.Upholding rights to the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and strengthening claims through international legal channels provides legitimacy to Indonesia's actions (B. et al., 2024).Through this combination of strategies, Indonesia seeks to maintain stability and security in the South China Sea while continuing to fight for national interests and support peaceful and fair dispute resolution.

Foreign Policy
Indonesia's foreign policy has various significant benefits that have a direct impact on domestic policy, especially in terms of security stability, economic development, and improving international reputation.Good foreign policy can help maintain order and state sovereignty, as well as ensure that Indonesia remains respected and recognized in the international community.Through solid diplomatic relations, Indonesia can gain support on global issues and take advantage of opportunities to improve the nation's welfare.One of the main benefits of an effective foreign policy is improved national security.Through cooperation with other countries, Indonesia can increase its defence capacity, organize joint military training, and share intelligence information to face common security threats.This also applies to maritime security, where collaboration with friendly countries can help secure vital maritime trade routes and reduce illegal activities such as piracy and smuggling.
Indonesia faces the South China Sea issue by adopting a foreign policy that emphasizes the principle of maintaining sovereignty and territorial integrity through peaceful diplomacy (Charles Pasaribu et al., 2023).This policy aims to create regional stability and maritime security and increase cooperation with countries in Southeast Asia and beyond (Dewa et al.Firdaus, 2022).Through an approach that emphasizes diplomatic dispute resolution, Indonesia actively participates in regional forums such as ASEAN and strengthens bilateral relations with various countries.To secure its maritime interests, Indonesia emphasizes maritime diplomacy and defence diplomacy.This step is realized through joint military exercises, joint maritime patrols, and the exchange of intelligence information with friendly countries (Fahlesa Munabari et al., 2021).The aim is to build maritime capacity, increase the interoperability of the Indonesian Navy, and strengthen the security presence in the South China Sea region.This is in line with efforts to maintain freedom of navigation and ensure the peaceful handling of disputes by international law.

Multilateral Relations
Indonesia's multilateral relations in responding to the South China Sea are essential to maintain regional stability and protect national interests.The South China Sea, which is geopolitically strategic and rich in natural resources, is often a source of tension due to the territorial claims of various countries, including China (Gani et al. et al., 2022).Even though Indonesia is not one of the principal claimants, Natuna waters are often involved in disputes because Indonesia insists that the EEZ there is part of its sovereignty based on UNCLOS (Khoirur et al., 2023).In this case, Indonesia plays an active role through various multilateral forums such as ASEAN and international organizations to address this issue.At the diplomatic level, Indonesia encourages dispute resolution through peaceful means and dialogue.In ASEAN, Indonesia helped push for a Code of Conduct (CoC) to create a dispute resolution mechanism and build trust between countries.Apart from that, Indonesia is also increasing maritime cooperation in the region in the fields of security, maritime law enforcement, and environmental protection (Qurotul 'Aini Septi Farida & Qurotul 'Aini Septi Farida, 2022).
Indonesia's activeness in international organizations shows its commitment to supporting international law related to maritime claims and dispute resolution, including ( 1 The maritime policy supports the development of infrastructure such as ports, ships, and maritime security facilities, which strengthens the country's defence capacity and supports the national economy through increasing trade flows and other maritime activities (Yulia Rimapradesi et al., 2023).Strengthening maritime defence and security includes strategies to strengthen the Navy and other maritime security forces, including the procurement of warships, military exercises, and the development of surveillance technology.The existence of solid military forces in maritime areas is essential to prevent and respond to external threats (Yusa Djuyandi et al., 2020).International collaboration and diplomacy are also important aspects of maritime policy, involving cooperation in the areas of security, trade, and environmental conservation.This includes joint military exercises, the exchange of intelligence information, and international agreements on fisheries management or marine protection.In addition, good maritime policies empower coastal communities through economic development, education, and increased welfare so that they can play an active role in protecting territorial waters.

Defense Strategy
Indonesia needs a robust and comprehensive defence strategy, considering its unique geographic, economic, and geopolitical challenges.As the largest archipelagic country in the world, with more than 17,000 islands, Indonesia must ensure its sovereignty over its vast territory and diverse topography.Borders that are vulnerable to intrusion and crucial international trade routes must be secured to maintain economic stability and national security.In addition, the enormous potential of marine resources requires protection from illegal exploitation and international conflict.Non-traditional threats such as terrorism and radicalism also require special attention in Indonesia's defence strategy (Anak et al.Amandha, 2022).Threats from terror groups, both domestic and international, require adequate capabilities for mitigation and rapid response.Defence diplomacy and cooperation with friendly countries are increasingly important.Regional and global relations through joint military exercises and security agreements can strengthen Indonesia's position in the international arena and ensure its neutrality and integrity.Indonesia must be able to maintain its position amidst global competition without losing national sovereignty and integrity (Tamarell et al. et al., 2022).
Indonesia's defence strategy in the South China Sea is becoming increasingly crucial, considering the increasing regional tensions and overlapping claims involving several countries (Macaraig & Fenton, 2021).The South China Sea region has strategic value, both from an economic and military perspective, because it is an important international trade route and is rich in natural resources.To maintain its sovereignty, Indonesia needs a strong military presence in this region, especially around the Natuna Islands, which are often hot spots in regional conflicts.It is believed that the deployment of military personnel and defence infrastructure in this region can increase Indonesia's ability to uphold its maritime sovereignty.
Procurement of Main Weapon System Equipment (Alutsista) is an essential element in strengthening Indonesia's defence capabilities in the South China Sea.Investments in patrol ships, submarines, and maritime reconnaissance aircraft, such as UAVs (uncrewed aerial vehicles), can improve early detection capabilities and rapid response to any acts of aggression.Modernization of the warship fleet, such as frigates and destroyers, is also needed to ensure that the Indonesian Navy can face various threats more efficiently.With the latest military technology, Indonesia can increase its presence and surveillance in disputed areas.Defence cooperation and military diplomacy with friendly countries in the Southeast Asia region and internationally are also part of the defence strategy in the South China Sea.Indonesia can strengthen its relations with ASEAN member countries through joint military exercises, as well as strengthen cooperation with large countries such as the United States, Japan, and Australia to provide a balance of power in the region.Joint war training and intelligence sharing can increase the preparedness and capability of the Indonesian Armed Forces in facing contingency situations.
The construction of a modern military base and improvement of defence infrastructure in the Natuna Islands region are also strategic steps to strengthen defence in the South China Sea.This base not only functions as a place for placing defence equipment but also as a logistics, refuelling, and maintenance centre.Thus, the existence of this military base will maximize the effectiveness of military operations in the area.Overall, with a comprehensive approach, including proper procurement of defence equipment and strategic international cooperation, Indonesia can ensure a strong defence in the South China Sea.Maintaining sovereignty in the South China Sea requires a holistic approach that does not only depend on military power but must also involve domestic economic and political aspects.Investment in maritime infrastructure development and the development of sea-based areas or blue economy could be a strategic step (Wang et al., 2021).Good infrastructure supports logistics and maritime operations, while sea-based economic sectors such as fisheries, maritime tourism, and marine energy enable increased welfare of coastal communities.In addition, establishing foreign investment and international cooperation in the maritime sector will strengthen economic interests and international support for efforts to maintain sovereignty (Gani et al. et al., 2022).
The importance of diversifying the local economy in coastal areas and outer islands must be addressed.By encouraging sectors such as agriculture, creative industry, and manufacturing in these regions, social and economic stability in these regions will be maintained, which ultimately strengthen national defence capabilities.Apart from that, domestic political stability is very crucial.Political consolidation and harmony between various government agencies and political parties in supporting maritime defence policies must be realized.This also includes updating and enforcing strict regulatory laws to protect Indonesia's national interests in territorial waters.Public awareness and participation in maintaining maritime sovereignty need to be increased through education and public campaigns.An aware public will be more proactive in reporting illegal activities and supporting government efforts.Apart from that, maritime diplomacy also plays a vital role in promoting Indonesia's views and positions in international forums such as ASEAN and the UN.This diplomacy can also include establishing and strengthening strategic alliances with friendly countries that have similar interests.Human resource development through education and training in the maritime and defence fields is an essential element in this strategy.By having qualified and competent personnel, Indonesia can manage and defend its maritime territory more effectively.This overall approach, which integrates military power with solid economic policies and strong political support, will provide a solid foundation for facing challenges in the South China Sea.

CONCLUSION
This research highlights the importance of a comprehensive diplomatic approach, both bilateral and multilateral, in facing challenges in the South China Sea region.This research emphasizes that Indonesia's leadership in ASEAN is very crucial, considering Indonesia's geographical position, which does not directly touch the conflict areas in the South China Sea but still has urgent strategic interests.In this case, Indonesia can play a role as a mediator and dialogue facilitator to create regional stability and security.In addition, a sustainable economic and political approach is needed to strengthen Indonesia's position in resolving this conflict.Investment in maritime infrastructure development, development of blue economy areas, and improving the welfare of coastal communities are essential elements in this strategy.A stable political approach and consolidation between government agencies and political parties in supporting maritime policy must also be addressed.
Indonesia's maritime diplomacy must focus on increasing public awareness and participation, as well as involving them in maintaining maritime sovereignty.In addition, Indonesia needs to promote its views and positions in international forums such as ASEAN and the UN, as well as establish strategic alliances with friendly countries.Human resource development and training in the maritime and defence fields are the keys to increasing the effectiveness of Indonesia's maritime defence.Overall, the findings of this research indicate that Indonesia's diplomatic strategy in overcoming the South China Sea issue must be holistic, integrating diplomatic, economic, political, and human resource aspects.This integrated approach will enable Indonesia to play a more significant role in creating stability and peace in the South China Sea region.

STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
Indonesia needs to adopt an integrated and multi-dimensional approach to address the South China Sea issue.First, active diplomacy and multilateral cooperation must be strengthened, especially with ASEAN, to create consensus and standard policies and encourage the completion of the South China Sea Code of Conduct.Close bilateral relations with major countries such as the United States, Japan, Australia, and the European Union are also essential to gain international support.Second, maritime defence and security capacity needs to be increased through the modernization of the navy and coast guard, as well as joint military exercises with friendly countries and increased intelligence cooperation.Third, natural resource management must be directed at the sustainable development of the blue economy and preservation of the marine environment, with strict supervision of illegal fishing using advanced surveillance technology.In addition, improving maritime infrastructure, such as the development of ports and maritime facilities, as well as the use of maritime surveillance technology, is essential.In addition, an active role in international forums such as the UN, as well as the implementation of UNCLOS, can help advocate for peaceful solutions based on international law.Domestically, increasing public awareness and support through education and the involvement of local governments is very important for the security and preservation of the marine environment.Research and development collaboration with universities and research institutions, as well as education and training for diplomats and military personnel, can strengthen Indonesia's ability to handle maritime and geopolitical issues.With these strategies, Indonesia can maintain its territorial sovereignty and contribute to regional stability and security.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the South China Sea Source: www.nationsonline.org 4 1980 to 1990s Conflict and Confrontation Open conflict began to occur, including fighting between China and Vietnam around the Spratly and Paracel Islands.These battles often involve patrol ships and armed troops, showing how serious these countries are about defending their claims ) ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) and ADMM-Plus, which are critical annual forums in the context of defence cooperation in the Southeast Asia region(Rafyoga et al., 2023).Through this forum, other criminal activities through maritime patrols and advanced surveillance technology.In addition, maritime policy plays a role in preserving the marine environment, preventing pollution, and protecting biodiversity, which is very important for the sustainability of marine natural resources(Tamarell et al. et al., 2022).

Table 2 . Indonesia's role regarding the South China Sea issue
Indonesia continues to voice the importance of stability and peace in the South China Sea at ASEAN summits in various years, including 2019.In various communiqués and joint ISSN:

2581-8341 Volume 07 Issue 06 June 2024 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i6-60, Impact Factor: 7.943 IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org 4102
Indonesia continues to play a proactive role in the Code of Conduct (CoC) negotiations through various ASEAN meetings to accelerate its finalization and implementation.Indonesia proposed several drafts to ensure the CoC provides clear and binding guidance.