Toponym Typology of Temples in Tourist Destinations in Bali

: This research analyzed the toponym categories utilized in naming temples and the variability in language employed in the process within tourist destinations in Bali. Through a comprehensive analysis of temple names, it examines the prevalence of different toponym categories, including associative, descriptive, copied


I. INTRODUCTION
The majority of the population in Bali, an island in Indonesia, adheres to the Hindu religion.The designated place of religious worship for Hindus, dedicated to their deity or deities, is known as the temple.The temples in Bali can be categorized into two main types, which are (1) temples with a general function and (2) temples with a special function, as discussed by Soebandi (1983: 4).In its general function, a temple serves as a dedicated space for prayer and the veneration of the greatness of Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa.This includes temples with general purposes, such as the Kahyangan Tiga Temple.Meanwhile, temple with specific functions like the Melanting Temple and the Sad Kahyangan Temple, as well as temples specifically for honoring ancestors, such as the Kawitan Temple, Paibon Temple, and Merajan Agung.
The process of naming a temple is inexorably linked to the linguistic, social, and cultural milieu in which the temple is situated throughout its historical trajectory.According to Helleland (2006: 121), place names are derived from the languages of diverse communities that have inhabited an area at different historical periods, and as such, they constitute an integral element of a nation's cultural legacy.The cultural value of place names is now widely acknowledged.Three explanations have been suggested for the correlation between place names and the cultural legacy of nations.First, geographical names offer insights into the environmental and societal characteristics at the moment of their inception, serving as a record of location and historical documentation.Second, they are integral to the language and history of the region.Thirdly, these phenomena serve as a depiction of the intricate dynamic between society and its surrounding environment.The study of place names is referred to as toponymy in scholarly circles.
Toponymy refers to the designation of a location on the Earth or the description of the Earth's physical features, as outlined in Presidential Regulation number 112 Year 2016 regarding The National Team for Standardizing Topographic Names (Rais et al, 2008: 4-5).According to Raper (1996), the term toponymy has two distinct meanings.(a) The discipline of science, which focuses on researching the origin and meanings of place names in general and geographical names in particular.(b) The complete set of place names within a specific geographic area.
The primary objective of toponymy is to transcribe geographic names into a written format.The majority of languages spoken in Indonesia lack a written form.In order to transcribe place names in these languages, it was necessary for a linguist to create a writing system.Many researchers view this work as essential not only for standardizing names, but also as a necessary step for various activities within language revitalization and documentation efforts for endangered languages, which are at risk of loss due to declining numbers of speakers.Creating an orthography or writing system is a multifaceted endeavor that cannot rely exclusively on linguistic considerations.This necessitates the assessment of historical, religious, cultural, identity, and practical elements (Lupke, 2011: 312-314; Lauder, 2015: 404).
This research analysed the toponym category that form the name of temples in tourist destinations in Bali and also identify the origin of the language used to form the name of the temple.This research is an article entitled "A Historical Perspective on the study of Geographical names in Indonesia" which was published in the book Geographical Names as Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Toponymy, Seoul, 7-9 November 2014.The aim of this research is to discuss the study of place names or toponymy from a historical perspective using historical geography, philology, epigraphy and archelogy methods.Research data was taken from a historical case study of the Javanese kingdom in Mataram.Data tracking was carried out using several methods.First, historical geography method is to reveal the relationship between humans and their environment over time.Social, cultural, and technological factors also play a role in this and are influenced by individual personality and choices.Second, philology and epigraphy method which makes it possible to obtain data from inscriptions and manuscripts by identifying the existence of settlements.Third, archaeological methods involve placing archaeological sites in a spatial frame that can help reconstruct patterns of settlement distribution, migration and invasion.The results of research by Multamia R.M.T. Lauder and Allan F. Lauder show that there are a number of names in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including: Mentaok (which is the Motherland of Java), Pati, Pajang, Grobogan, Prambanan, Taji, Sesela, Lawiyan, Manahan, Kota Gede, Karta, Plered, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta.Meanwhile, traces of Mataram were found in the Special Region of Jakarta, including: Matraman, Pegangsaan, and Jagakarsa.From an archaeological perspective, temples were found between the 8 th and 10 th centuries in Sleman and Bantul, Yogyakarta Province.This is the reason why the names of the villages where the temples were found were revealed, such as Candi Miring in Selman, Ngepringan in Minggir, Sawahcandi in Seyegan, Candi Sabisari in Kalasan, and Ratuboko in Prambanan.
In 2015, Camalia conducted a study on the process of naming Lamongan City by identifying recurring naming patterns that were indicative of the values and beliefs associated with the place name.Furthermore, this study aims to uncover the underlying structure in the naming of Lamongan Regency and to investigate the extent to which the Sapir-Worf hypothesis is applicable in the toponymy process of Lamongan Regency.
Moreover, the main phases of the lexicographical description of the toponymy in South Yakutia are examined by Markel and Yakovleva (2018).The collected geographical names were categorized by the researchers according to their structural and derivational aspects.In the course of the investigation, additional non-linguistic examination of toponymy (geographical references, cultural and historical information) was also conducted.

III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Blair and Tent (2021) differentiate toponymy research into two, namely intensive toponymy and extensive toponymy.Intensive toponymy aims to gather an in-depth understanding of a particular toponym by carefully investigating the history and nature of a single toponym or a small, focused sample of toponyms.Conclusions drawn from such research cannot be easily generalized, only informed statements or hypotheses can be made.In contrast, extensive studies empirically investigate toponymy data through cluster analysis, and ask specific questions to discover underlying patterns of relationships, such as: (1) Temporal or spatial naming practices and patterns; (2) Regional distribution of certain types of toponyms, or geographic; (3) Temporal or spatial settlement patterns; (4) Geomorphology or topography of an area (concentrating on terms).Meanwhile, for extensive study of name types to have any practical value must be based on a comprehensive typology.This is the underlying principle for the development of toponym typology.Blair

IV. RESEARCH METHOD
This phase of the research is segmented into three distinct stages.The three phases include the provision of data sources and data, the collection of data, and the analysis of data.The data sources to be utilized will consist of the names of temples located in popular tourist destination areas within Bali.
The initial phase of the research process involves the gathering of data.The data collection technique employed in this study is direct observation in the field, commonly known as field research, as researchers directly collect data pertaining to the toponymy of tourist destinations in Bali from the field.In terms of data collection methods, this study employs three distinct techniques: interview techniques, attentive listening and note-taking methods, and recording and transcription techniques.The research's second stage involves the analysis of data.The research employed a descriptive qualitative data analysis method for the data analysis.According to Miles and Hubermas (1992), qualitative research data manifests in the form of language-based information rather than numerical data.Data may be gathered through a range of methods (such as observation, interviews, document analysis, or tape recordings) and typically undergoes processing prior to utilization (including note-taking, typing, editing, or transcribing), yet qualitative analysis remains centered on linguistic content.which are typically structured as longer passages of written or spoken language.

The Temple Name and its Language Origin
The naming of temples in tourist destinations in Bali originates from different language sources.There are four languages used in the practice of temples naming in tourist destinations in Bali, namely Sanskrit (SS), Old Javanese (OJ), and Balinese (B) and it can be shown in the following table.Based on the data above, regarding the language use in naming the temple, we can see that three temples used Old Javanese and three temples used Balinese, one temple used Sanskrit, and three temples used the combination of Balinese and Old Javanese.3 presents data of the temple names and the toponym categories that form the names of these temples.Pura Beji Associative-environment 3.
Pura Ulun Danu Beratan Descriptivelocational Based on the above data, it can be seen that there is 1 temple name that is formed using two toponym categories while the other used only 1 toponym category to formed their names.The category used in naming the temples in tourist destination in Bali are vary.Associative category is the most common category used to form the names of the temples followed by descriptive, copied and eponymous.Below is the detailed analysis of the toponymy category used for temples names in tourist destinations in Bali.

Pura Gaduh
The naming of Pura Gaduh using the word Gaduh which is interpreted as a place of storage is acceptable, because the presence of relics in the form of a Pangulu statue in the shape of a head, copper plates, as well as several statues in the temple environment can strengthen the name of Gaduh as a place for storing treasures.The naming of temples uses the name of the building according to its function, so it is in line with the toponymy category copied linguistics, namely copying the name form which the features has in another language.

Pura Beji
In terms of naming, Pura Beji is classified as an associative-environment category because it uses the surrounding natural conditions where there is a water source in the temple to be used by the community called Subak for irrigation system.This is in line with the meaning in Balinese Language where beji means spring or water source.

5.2.3
Pura Taman Saraswati Pura Dewi Saraswati is located in Gianyar Regency.Inside the temple there is a statue of Goddess Saraswati standing on a lotus flower.Dewi Saraswati is the goddess of science, art and wisdom.Futhermore there is a huge lotus pond to further emphasize the worship of Dewi Saraswati.The word taman comes from Old Javanese which means garden.The presence of the name of Goddess Saraswati in this temple shows that the toponym category is eponymous, especially biblical entities.

5.2.4
Pura Perancak Pura Perancak is categorized into associative-structure.It is proven by the incident where the stone split as a result of I Gusti Ngurah challenging Dang Hyang Nirartha and make the stone underwent fragmentation, resulting in the formation of multiple pieces.This is what causes the name to be taken from the category of associative-structure.

5.2.5
Pura Sada Kapal Based on the naming of Pura Sada Kapal Temple, the name of this temple is taken from one part of the temple called prasadha which means majestic tall building or a tall temple, located in the main part the temple.Through the words Prasadha or Purusadha, which later become Sada and then combined with the name of village where the temple is located that is in Kapal village the naming of the temple, Sada Kapal Temple is formed from a descriptive-topographic category.
Toponym Categories for Temple Names in Tourist Destinations in Bali Table

Table 1 . Toponym Typology (Blair and Tent, 2021)
and Tent (2021) propose 7 ways of naming which can be seen in the table below. ISSN:

2581-8341 Volume 07 Issue 04 April 2024 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V7-i4-31, Impact Factor: 7.943 IJCSRR @ 2024 www.ijcsrr.org 2284
* Corresponding Author: Ni Luh Putu Krisnawati Volume 07 Issue 04 April 2024 Available at: www.ijcsrr.orgPageNo.2282-2288OccurentIncident Recording an event or incident which led to the naming of the feature OccasionRecognizing a time or date when the feature was named 5.Copied Locational Using the name of a feature from another place Linguistic Using the name-form (or its calque) which the feature has in another language 6.Eponymous Human-Namer Using the namer's own name as the toponym Human-Notable Person Using the name of an eminent person, patron, official, noble, politician etc., or the name of the group of such people Human-ColleagueUsing the name of a member of an expedition or survey involved in the discovery or naming of the feature, or the name of group so involved ISSN: