Application of Floating Maxim on Implicature in Japanese Language

: Cooperative principle is a principle in communication to make speakers and listeners to be coordinative for achieve communication’s aims. In cooperative principle, there are maxims accordance cooperative principle. Speakers must give truth speech, be brief, do not more informative than its required, and make it clear. Sometimes people didn’t contribute in communication, and make utterance float the maxims. This floating maxim creates the implicature. Implicature is one of pragmatic’s scope discussed about conveyed meaning in utterances. Meanwhile pragmatic is a scope of speakers meaning which implicature has truth conditional meaning conveyed by speakers. But, only conversational implicature create by floating maxim. Implicature can be find in every language such as Japanese. It supported by ideology called aimai to make ambiguous speech. As the background, this research is to find floating maxim in implicature in Japanese. Floating maxims by Grice used for theory in this research. The method that used was descriptive analysis. Data source in anime and Japanese drama to find implicature in Japanese. The result of this research is maxim of relation were founded dominant. It according to the aims of communication, and other side speaker has different aims with their partner. Floating of relation maxim used for for showing disinterest, admiration, and sarcasm.

The conversation in (1-1) showed that B is not contribute as cooperative principle required.B has violated relevant maxim, because B is not relevant as A said before.A requested B to come at A or soon after conversation, the response that A wanted just B come to that place.But, as B stated "Well, I have to go to Edinburgh today sir" implies that B can't come to the place and rejected the request showed in "I have to go to Edinburgh today".In utterance A, there are several assumptions can detect.First, A and B aren't in the same place; (2) B may possible know where is A, and B has have come to A place before stated in "…come over here again"; (3) A assumed B will accept or reject the request; (4) B has rejected the request.There isn't relation between requesting to A place and B will go to Edinburgh.So, B has showed implicature and make A asked B for another day.
As example before, showed assumption in implicature is one of the keys to understand the implicature.The assumption also depends on circumstance contained in utterance.All of assumption in implicature called presupposition, and the circumstance utterance called context (Grice, 1975;Levinson, 1983;Yule, 1999).Both of them used for interpreting the meaning of implicature (Sosiowati: 2020).Implicature can founded in many languages.Some of them are applied in society supported by social-culture background.In Japan, implicature motivated to the culture called aimai.Aimai must ambiguous to keeping participant feeling, and keep solidarity.For example, chotto in Japanese means 'a little bit; wait for minute; a bit' (  All of literature reviews showed that implicature has many objects to studied.Those literatures become reference for next research. In this research focus on floating maxims in implicature in Japanese.Data sourced in anime (animation in Japan) and drama to looking for implicature.Only conversational implicature used for data because conventional implicature didn't appear causing of violating of maxim.The four maxims by Grice (1975) used for analyzed theory.

METHOD AND RESEARCH THEORY
To collect data, observation method used to observe implicature data in dialog by all characters in anime and drama in Japanese.Observation method is one of methods to collect data by observe source data (Sugiyono, 2018: 229).Steps of collecting data were explained below.1.After watched anime and drama, data was transcript with transcription technique.2. Data were all of dialog by all characters which contained implicature.
3.Then, implicature categorized in maxim that violated based on four maxims by Grice (1975).
The theory used in this research was implicature by Grice (1975).As Levinson stated (1983), implicature is one of scopes studied in pragmatic.Based on studied in pragmatic, implicature find the speakers meaning.In implicature, there is conveyed meaning or the truth condition of the utterances.Speaker conscious to conveyed its meaning in utterance, delivered to participant to interpret the meaning.In implicature also contained presupposition, the assumption that have by speaker and participant.
In general, implicature divided in two group, conversational implicature and conventional implicature (Grice: 1975).In conversational implicature, occurred of violating maxim.This maxim is a principle of communication called cooperative principle, to bring good coordination between participant in exchange communication.Grice divided cooperative principle into four maxims.First, in maxim of quality speaker have to say what is believed to not false (Grice, 1975: 46).Second, maxim of quantitative make communication to not more informative as required (Grice, 1975: 45).Third, maxim of relation make speaker to make exchange conversation to be related, and relevant as aims of communication achieved (Grice, 1975: 46).And the fourth, maxim of manner arranged speaker to make conversation not ambiguous, and be brief (Grice, 1975: 46).After collected data, Data analyzed with matching method of pragmatic, which used participant response to be measuring instrument for analysis (Sudaryanto, 1993: 14).After analyzing data, data were presented by informal method which a method to presenting data in descriptive words (Sudaryanto, 1993: 145).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to the aim of this research to find the violating maxim in implicature used in Japanese, founded three maxims that violated in implicature.Speaker violated quantitative, relation, and manner maxim which dominant violated relation maxim.The domination of violating relation maxim causing by differences aim between speaker and participant.Those differences include incompatible desire, or influence participant to accept request.Implicature occurred by violating relation maxim showed below.
(1-3) Context: While followed her ex-boyfriend, Akane accidentally bumped someone.In data (1-3), conversation happened because Akane accidentally bumped Yamada when she followed her ex-boyfriend in game festival.Akane was apologized and told Yamada that she had something problems, to make Yamada understanding her.Realizing of she was talked too much, Akane asked for apologized again.Meanwhile, Yamada said he didn't interest.The utterance talked by Yamada was implicature, showed in "Maa…kyoumi wa naissune" 'Yeah….I don't exicted'.This implicature created by violating maxim by Yamada which violated relation maxim.The relation maxim expected partner to contribute in appropriated as needed (Grice, 1975: 47).This make partner giving response as relate as communication required in the exchange communication.
As Akane stated in (1-3), she asked apologized because she thought that she talked to much for him.The utterances was stated in interrogative mode pointed by "….deshoune?"'right?".By this utterances Akane wanted a contribution for giving response by yes or no.Akane expected that she gave to much information which not related with him, and assumed Yamada will understanding her.Meanwhile, Yamada didn't give appropriated response by "Maa…kyoumi wa naissune" 'Yeah….I don't exicted'.The violating of maxim implied that Yamada didn't care about Akane's problems, and Akane didn't need to explain him.
(  (Grice, 1975: 47).The violating of maxim caused by Yamada that tried to reject Akane's food.It also factored by Akane was assumped that Yamada didn't eat well recently because he is busy with university entrance examination.Especially, he is living alone and can't make food by himself.By its implicature, Akane was implied to make Yamada took her food and didn't feel hesitate.As showed in (1)(2)(3)(4), in the end Yamada took the food that showed implication was influenced him.
(  (1975).As the data in (1-5), Momo was violating a manner maxim.The manner maxim request speaker to be brief, and not give ambiguous state (Grice: 1975).Also, the implicature was violated relation maxim because the utterance is not relevant with Akane asked (Grice: 1975).As manner and relation maxim required, Momo must to response the asking of "Takuma no nekkuresu dou shiyou?" 'How about Takuma's necklace' with an advice like "Go ask Yamada" or "You have to check it first".
In (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), Akane was assumped that Momo will give her advice, but Momo gave her a long explain, no brief that no correlation.Beside of that, Momo assumped that Akane was over kind with her ex-boyfriend instead she was cheated by her ex.That's made her to give a lot of her lack side when she loved her boyfriend to much without thinking about being cheated in the future.Momo just want to make Akane realized that she would have to forget about her ex, including all of his given for her.In data (1-5), Akane realized Momo satirized her and said that she promises not talking about her ex again.This response giving a point that implication well interpreted by Akane.
( she was confused with her speech and Hiroto tried to help her with giving some advice.Actually, Hinako didn't want to be promoted but she forced to be president.As long as Hiroto revised her speech, Hinako realized that she will have to do more practice.In the middle of discussion, Hinako saw a news about corporation between their company with America's company.Hinako aghast because as she knows, Hiroto have not yet decided on the outcome meeting.She thought Hiroto really great in decisiveness, like president must have.The utterance of "Sakki?Wa..sugoi ketsudanryoku dane" 'Just decided?Wa…how great your decisiveness' is an implicature.It was created by violating maxim of quantitative maxim.The violating of quantitative maxim bring much information than needed in conversation (Grice: 1975).As data (1-6), Hinako asked Hiroto for the news and Hiroto told her that he just decided for the project.When participant do the exchange communication, Hinako have to response the utterance "Aa.Saki kimetandayo" 'I just decided' with "Oh I see" to contribute as quantitative maxim required.But the violating maxim to give more information than needed provide other information that conveyed in implicature.The implicature has two assumption.First, Hiroto's good decisiveness is not first time, and Hinako already know it because she was his ex-secretary.On those assumption, implied that Hiroto has often handle meeting project and has a lot of experience so he has good decisiveness as president must have.For those implicature Hiroto just smile to response it, means he understand with its implication.

CONCLUSION
According to the results and discussion, this research discussed about the violating maxim on implicature in Japanese.The violating maxim in implicature were maxim of relation, manner, and quantitative.The relation maxim was dominant founded.The function of violating maxim was to make the aims of communication reached, so speaker have to violated the maxim and created implicature.
In other side, the violating maxim used because sometimes speaker has different aims with their partner.It also make partners have more information in communication.Floating of relation maxim used for showing disinterest, admiration, and sarcasm.

ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 06 Issue 12 December 2023 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i12-69, Impact Factor: 6.789 IJCSRR @ 2023 www.ijcsrr.org 8165 * Corresponding Author: Ni Made Yunita Widya Kusuma Volume 06 Issue 12 December 2023 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 8163-8169 Aoi
Tessa (2021))will understand that she have another task after club by saying chotto.Because of Aoi and Chinatsu understand what Akane means by implicature, showed by response in "Ee youji" 'Eh?You have task?' the implication was reached.Based on background, showed that floating maxim to make implicature is an interesting study.The research about implicature has been studied previously.Kusuma (2021)in "The Perlocutionary Effect in Conversational Implicature in Anime Tsuki Ga Kirei" discussed about perlocutionary effect caused by application of implicature.Kusuma (2021) used types of implicature arranged byYule (1996)and speech act by Austin (1962).The results were particularized conversational implicature dominant used by characters in source data, and implicature forced perlocutionary to accept implication.Beside participant who know specific knowledge contained in implicature didn't always accept the implication.Sometimes they can reject because between speaker and participant has different aims.Second,Tessa (2021)in "Implicature in Najwa Shihab Speech on Gelar Wicara Najwa Shihab Episode Ward of Corona and Waiting for Terawan" focused on speech act related to implicature on Najwa Shihab speech.The results were generalized conversational implicature were dominant used, and the function of implicature were assertive, directive, and expressive.Third, Yulianti et al (2022) "Conversational Implicature on Saturday Night Live Talk Show" studied about conversational implicature used in Saturday Night Live Talk Show.This research founded particularized conversational implicature dominant used, because reflected to particularized context while producing utterance to make conversation to meaningful and effective.
Akane: Haaaa….korewane,karee…Tousei o kome wa nai no darou kara, ruuto shita gohan mo motte kita.Kesa tsukutta baka no karee dakara, futsuka taberareruyo.Watashikongetsu pinchi dakara oniku wa anma haittenai dakedo…..sono kawari ni, saki konbini ni katta sarada to fukujinzuke wo kurete yarou!ISSN: * Corresponding Author: Ni Made Yunita Widya Kusuma Volume 06 Issue 12 December 2023 Available at: www.ijcsrr.orgPage No. 8163-8169 Akane : Haaa….itskare.I just thought you didn't have rice, so I bought rice for you.Also, because I made it this morning, you can eat for two days.I'm in crisis now, sorry for not much meat in it.For exchange, I give you salad and pickles I bought in convenience.山田 : いや。あの。。。悪いけど、いいすよ。しかも、金がないですよね。 (Anime Yamada-kun no Reberu 999 Koi wo Suru, Episode 4,18:28-19:05) The context of data (1-4) Akane was grateful because Yamada accepted her to join game group.When Akane go to convenience store with Yamada, she saw Yamada bought pudding and told her that pudding will be his dinner.Akane asked him why he don't cook for his dinner.Yamada told he can't cook.After that, Akane quickly going home to pack some food for Yamada.She thought it's a great time to say thanks for him because he had invited her to game group.In other side, Yamada felt hesitated because Akane was told him she's in crisis.To make him accepted her food, Akane said if he doesn't eat properly, Yamada can't growth up.The action of asking Akane by "Iya.Ano…Warui kara, iisuyo.Shikamo, kane ga nai desuyone" 'No.Sorry, but its oke.Instead, you said you didn't have money right?',there is two assumption in that utterance.First, Yamada know Akane still in crisis because she was told him.Second, if she gives him food, Akane will be in problem because she is in crisis.The interrogative mode by utterance bring yes or no response as utterance required.Instead, Akane didn't give yes or no as conversation settle.She said "Chanto tabenaito,

ookiku narenaiyo…" 'If you don't eat properly, you can't grow well'. The
utterance is not related to the conversation and make violating of relation maxim

the hell you think about present gave by your ex? So unwilling. As always Akane. Always prioritized your boyfriend, to match with him you started to play game which not your interest. Anyway, I remember. After going out you immediately cooked for him.
Akane : I don't talk about Takuma again.Sorry.(Anime Yamada-kun no Reberu 999 Koi wo Suru, Episode 2, 10:58-11:35) Data in (1-5) showed Akane was talking with her friend, Momo about her necklace which lost in Yamada's house, when she got drunk.Akane was worried because she lost her necklace got from her ex-boyfriend and confused how to ask Yamada for the necklace, because they don't close.Momo who know Akane's ex-boyfriend was cheated on Akane, felt annoyed when she heard that Akane was worried about the necklace.So, when Akane asked her opinion about what should she do about necklace, Momo stated an utterance which no correlation as asked.Accroding to the response, bring an implicature.Implicature showed in "Jibun wo 茜: もうタクマの話しないので、許してください。 Akane : Mou Takuma no hanashi shinai node, yurushite kudasai.

suteta otoko puresento ni nannoyo ga aru? Mirengamashii. Akanette sou iu toko ga aru yo ne. Youtei wa zenbu kareshi ni yuusen ni suru shi, kareshi ni awasete kyoumi wa nai netto geemu hajimerushi. Sou ieba, tsukiatte sugu ni tsukuri bentou koto ga tsukutta. Zettai teki ni omoindayone…" 'What the hell you think about present gave by your ex? So unwilling. As always Akane. Always prioritized your boyfriend, to match with him you started to play game which not your interest. Anyway, I remember. After going out you immediately cooked for him'.
Grice stated implicature created by violating maxim