Vertical Space Use and Vegetation Characteristics of Reintroduced Orangutan Activities in the Jantho Nature Reserve

: Orangutans are a wild animal species that is threatened with extinction, so the IUCN has designated its conservation status as Critical Endangered and Appendix I in CITES. The Indonesian government has also designated the Sumatran orangutan as a protected animal. Jantho Nature Reserve (JNR) is one of the conservation areas that is used as a place for orangutan reintroduction. This area is also an important habitat for seven other primate animals. On the other hand, reintroduced orangutans are arboreal animals that have become accustomed to the human environment. They do not know the types of trees that source their food, and the predators that endanger them. This will be a threat to the sustainability of reintroduced orangutans in the area. This research is important to carry out because there is still very little information regarding the use of vertical space in the daily movements of reintroduced orangutans, and there is no information about the daily movements of reintroduced orangutans in the JNR area. This research aims to obtain initial data on the daily movement patterns of reintroduced orangutans in utilizing vertical space to obtain food sources. The transect route is a method used to obtain data on the movement of reintroduced orangutans. A total of 5 line transects were used to collect data by following the reintroduced orangutans and recording each canopy height used by the orangutans for activities. The data obtained was made in tabulated form and analyzed descriptively. The research results showed that reintroduced orangutans used vertical space at a height of 1 – 29 m. This height level was different for the four reintroduced orangutans observed. molikha has higher activity at a height of 1 – 10 m. Poni activity is highest at a height of 10 - 19 m. Cut keke and asokha use higher vertical space at a height of 20 -30 m. A total of 34 trees were used as reintroduced orangutans as activity sites, with tree heights of 1 - 30 m and trunk diameters of 1 - 200 cm. Vegetation connectivity is still connected between vegetation.


INTRODUCTION
Orangutans ( Pongo abelii ) are arboreal animals, whose life is very dependent on vegetation, especially at tree level and pole level.In the wild, orangutans are rarely found descending to the forest floor to search for food.They spend time doing activities throughout the day by hanging from one vegetation to another, looking for food or other social activities.They can live in various types of secondary forest and primary forest habitats (1).Swamp forest habitat type (2;; 3; 4).The conversion of forests for other purposes has resulted in orangutans losing vegetation where they can do activities and forage, as well as losing food sources.IUCN determines the conservation status of Critically Endangered orangutans, and Appendix I according to CITES.The government has also designated the Sumatran orangutan species as a protected primate animal (5).The Jantho Nature Reserve (CAJ) is one of the conservation areas designated by the government for the conservation of the Acehnese strain of pine ( Pinus merkusii ).This area is also an important habitat for a number of terrestrial and arboreal wildlife.Apart from conservation, this area is currently used as a place for orangutan reintroduction.This area was used as a reintroduction habitat because no wild orangutans were found in this area.This means that reintroduced orangutans will not have competition with other species for food sources, but this area is also a habitat for seven other primate species (6).These seven primates need food sources and trees as a place to find food and a place to sleep.In this way, there will be competition between reintroduced orangutans and other primates, in terms of getting food sources and trees for nesting places (6; 7).Orangutan reintroduction is one form of orangutan protection carried out by the government and non-governmental organizations in the form of cooperation in the field of orangutan conservation.Reintroduced orangutans never received teaching from their mothers about food and predators.survey activity used the line transect method (10: 11; 12).To obtain this initial data, observations were made by following the orangutan transect monitoring route.Data collected in the preliminary survey includes habitat conditions (vegetation type, food trees, and sleeping trees).

Data Collection Technique
Research location for the reintroduction of orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve (JNR) conservation area, Aceh Besar Regency.The data used in determining the research location includes primary data and secondary data.Primary data was obtained through survey activities in the JNR.Two locations will be selected as observation samples for the use of horizontal and vertical space, namely the rehabilitation block and the protection block.The selection of these two blocks was to determine the distance traveled by orangutans' daily movement horizontally and the height of the tree strata used for vertical movement, in each block.In this case, it is likely that the area will be different because the number and type of food trees are different in the two blocks.Likewise with sleeping trees.To obtain daily movement data, observers walked in the direction of movement of the reintroduced orangutans starting from the sleeping tree in the morning (06.00WIB) when looking for food until returning to the sleeping tree in the afternoon (18.00 WIB).Observations used GPS tools to record the coordinates of all the places the orangutans passed.Location coordinates are taken at a certain distance of 25-50 m depending on the topography of the area.Data recorded included: (a) the coordinates of each food tree used as a place for orangutans to feed, (b) the distance traveled by orangutans from morning to evening.This vertical data collection uses the scan sampling method (13).The data collected includes the height of the tree canopy strata used by orangutans for eating and making day and night nests, using a laser distance aid.

Data analysis
Data analysis for determining horizontal area was determined by plotting each coordinate obtained from each orangutan that was followed from the time they started their activities from the sleeping tree in the morning (06.00WIB) until they returned to the sleeping tree in the afternoon (18.00 WIB) in one day.The sample groups observed were adult female orangutans, juveniles, and children.The data collected are coordinate points recorded using GPS at the places or trees visited by the orangutans, visualized in map form using Arch GIS 10.1.Each outer coordinate is combined to form one polygon which represents the home range of an orang-utan at a certain time.Determining the horizontal area uses the Maximum Convex Polygon method (14).The interaction and use of food trees and sleeping trees by orangutans and other primates uses the scan sampling method, by observing and recording orangutans at certain time intervals and recording all activities carried out by orangutans in the ethogram that has been prepared.The results are presented in tabulated form and described in the form of habitat vegetation profiles.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Frequency of Presence of Reintroduced Orangutans
In order to obtain data on the daily activity of reintroduced orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve (JNRJ), it is necessary to follow the movements of reintroduced orangutans from waking up in the morning to going back to sleep in the afternoon.This is to find out their activities in using space vertically and horizontally.Reintroduced orangutans that can be followed are those that are still habituated to society.During data collection only four reintroduced orangutan individuals could be followed.The four individuals are molika, poni, cut keke and asokha.Based on gender groups, they consist of females and males.molikha, poni, and cut keke, are female reintroduced orangutans and asokha is a male reintroduced orangutan.Based on the age group, the four reintroduced orangurans are teenagers.The movements of the four individual orangutans were still close to the research camp.Based on the facts in the field, the reintroduced orangutans that are still relatively easy to follow are the four of them, therefore this research is limited to the daily activities of the reintroduced juvenile otangutans at JNR

Types of trees where reintroduced orangutans are active.
Based on research data obtained by reintroduced orangutans at JNR, they carry out their daily activities in various canopy strata.They operate from the lowest strata to the highest strata.The lowest canopy strata used by reintroduced orangutans for activities is a tree height of 0.5 meters from the ground and the highest tree height is 25 meters.Based on the classification, the vegetation consists of shrubs, lianas, and trees.Shrubs are low -level vegetation with a height of 1 -5 m, and trees with a height of ˃ 5 m (15).They are active from 06 in the morning until dusk (18.45 WIB).They carry out feeding activities, moving from one vegetation to another through tree branches by walking or hanging from one liana to another between the trees they are going to eat.They will jump when the tree canopy is discontinuous or the canopy is much higher than the canopy under the tree they are visiting.During the research, this jump was only found once.This is because orangutans are a species of primate that walks on two legs (bipedal), not like the colobine group (16).The types of vegetation used as a place for reintroduced orangutans to carry out activities in the Jantho Nature Reserve during the research were found to be 34 types out of 473 individual trees.The types of trees visited by orangutans to search for food at the research locations in both CA and TWA are presented in Table 1.bayur ( Pterospermum javanicum) and prone grass (Mallotus sphaerocarpus) respectively.11.83%.Cut Keke and Asokha are the two reintroduced orangutans who most often visit Rumpi Prone and Bayur.These two vegetation species were producing a lot of fruit when data collection took place.The high daily activity of molikha and poni in shrub -level vegetation cannot be separated from their adaptability to forest habitats, especially in climbing trees.This can be understood because reintroduced orangutans are orangutans that have received care and attention from humans.To return to nature, these orangutans have been retrained so they can climb trees and become familiar with natural food in the form of fruit and leaves.Cut Keke and Asokha were not found active on jemali ( Leea indica ).When the research was underway, the three types of vegetation had their fruit ripening, and the fruiting period for other types of food had begun to decrease.

No
Referring to ( 17) and ( 16) food trees for orangutans and thomas langur primates in the Jantho Nature Reserve, the fruiting period is influenced by climate.The peak fruiting period is April to September.Apart from that, there are also many lianas attached to the above types of plants whose ripe fruit is still tall.Jemali and grasshoppers are two types of food consumed by reintroduced orangutans in the form of fruit, while the vegetables consumed by reintroduced orangutans are fruit and young leaves.Primate animals from the langur, kedih and long-tailed monkey groups also consume the fruit (18).Ficus sp is a type of food tree that many reintroduced orangutans visit to eat.Ficus sp is a type of vegetation that bears fruit all year round, and is food that is always available for reintroduced orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve.This is in accordance with (17) which states that the Moraceae family which consists of the types Ficus sumatrana and Artocarpus teysmani are food trees that provide food in stable amounts every month.( 19) stated that the Moraceae family is the vegetation species most visited by Howler Monkeys (36.1%) to fulfill their nutritional intake.has high nutritional content.The movement activities of reintroduced orangutans follow the source of their food trees.

Characteristics of the Vegetation
Where Reintroduced Orangutans Are Active.

2.1
The height of trees where reintroduced orangutans are active.
Reintroduced orangutans at CAJ have primary activities, namely waking, eating, resting, walking, and nesting.This activity is carried out at various levels of the tree canopy, starting from the lowest with a height of <1 m to a height of ˃25 m. refers to (20) tree canopy classification where reintroduced orangutans are active, 1 -9 m, 10 -19 m, and 20 -29 m.Based on research results, the height of the trees most commonly used for activities with a height of 10 -19 meters is 45.15% for molikha orangutans and poni.38.81%.Cut Keke and Asokha had more activity at tree heights of 20 -29 m, 30.40%, and 26.40% respectively.Eating is the dominant activity carried out by molikha, poni, cut keke, and asoka.This activity is the same as (21) in that reintroduced orangutans spend more time eating and less time resting.In contrast to (18) who said that rehabilitated orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve, eating activity was lower than resting activity by 37.00%.Based on field observations of four reintroduced orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve, no special midday resting activities were found involving building nests during the day.Resting is done by hanging on vines or by sleeping face down on a tree branch.rest is dominant with the highest proportion (47.32%).In contrast to ( 18), rehabilitation orangutans are more dominant in rest at the Jantho Nature Reserve, research conducted by (22) states that Pongo pygmaeus wumrbii at the Panti Branch Research Station, Gunung Palung National Park, Kalimantan Wests will make nests to rest during the day.Reintroduced orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve rest activities while standing on lianas or on branches while observing the next food tree they will go to.This feeding activity is carried out at various levels of the tree canopy.
The results showed that the reintroduced orangutans Molikha and Poni had the highest activity in trees with a height of 1-9 m from the ground.Molikha is sometimes found descending to the forest floor to look for food.In Batang Toru, Sumatran orangutans are more likely to be at tree heights of 6 -10 m when they consume young leaves (23).In contrast to the wild orangutan Pongo pygmaeos wurmbi female juveniles studied by (22) at the Panti Branch Research Station of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, who stated that female juveniles and juveniles were more active in foraging in vegetation at a height of 31 m.Cut Keke and Asokha are the reintroduced orangutan individuals who are most active at tree heights of 20-29 m, at 30.40% and 26.40% respectively.The calculation of the height of the tree where the daily activities of the reintroduced orangutans in this study follow (24), namely by measuring the total height of the tree, namely the overall height of the tree from the base to the top of the tree.Referring to Indrianto, there are three classes of tree height when observing reintroduced orangutan activity in the Jantho Nature Reserve, namely The difference in the use of canopy height between the four individuals of the reintroduced orangutans is thought to be closely related to their ability to climb trees and the courage to jump from branches that are not connected to other tree branches.This was demonstrated by Molikha when she was on a Sumatran Ficus tree whose tree was more than 25 m high, and the canopy below it was much lower, so there was no gap for Molika to walk down to the canopy under the Ficus.Molika rotates from one branch to another to find a part of the branch that can be flexed to walk to the surrounding trees.However, because there were no tree branches that could be flexed, Molika decided to jump, in order to move from the Sumatrana Ficus tree. to other trees nearby.Jumping is very rare in wild orangutans, because it requires high energy to make the jump (25).Molikha and poni had the highest activity in the 30-39 cm diameter class, namely 59.42% and 71.43%.while the highest daily activity of cut keke and asokha was carried out in the 50 -59 cm diameter class at 34.18% and 36.25%.Molika and poni are more active in the smaller tree diameter class, presumably because they are easy to bend when moving.They are also found active on vegetation with a stem diameter of 200 cm, only they use lianas attached to large stems to climb to a certain height.Liana is also used by molikha and poni to rest while standing.The large size diameter class is difficult for their hands to hug the tree.The diameter class of trees in the Jantho Nature Reserve and Nature Tourism Park can reach 200 cm.The use of this diameter class is different from that of wild orangutans in Suaq Balimbing in nest-making activities.In Suaq Balimbing, the highest diameter class is used, 20% in the 40 -49 cm diameter class (24).At the Soraya Research Station, the highest tree diameter used is in the 20 -25 cm class for 61.54% orangutan nest making activities (26).In contrast to ( 27), the highest trunk diameter used by orangutans in the Lamandau Wildlife Reserve, Central Kalimantan, is 0 -20 cm, which is 45% for nesting activities.Apart from the height of the otangutan tree, the diameter of the tree is also taken into account when carrying out activities.This is in accordance with (22).The tree diameter class describes the current condition of the forest in these two locations.In contrast to (16), the forest conditions in the two locations have striking differences, namely in the Nature Reserve the large tree diameter class and in the TWA the smaller tree diameter class.Current conditions illustrate that the tree diameter class in TWA is able to match the tree diameter class in CA, indicating success in forest restoration is going well in TWA.

Reintroduced Orangutan Habitat Vegetation Provil
Vegetation with various diameter classes and stem height will facilitate the movement of reintroduced orangutans to meet basic needs, such as food and other social activities.The presence of dense vegetation also provides comfort for reintroduced orangutans as a place to hide from predators.Visualization of vegetation structure in several observation plots at CAJ depicts a habitat profile in good condition, namely the canopy is still connected between one vegetation and another.Figure 3 shows that the connectivity of the tree vegetation in CAJ is still very good, making it easier for reintroduced orangutans to move from one canopy to another  (30).Currently, the number of food trees in CAJ is 34 types.The number of food trees and their distribution can influence the daily movements of reintroduced orangutans.The higher the number of food trees and the more evenly distributed the food trees are, the better the shorter the orangutan's movement will be to explore food sources.Tree distribution frequency feed is almost evenly distributed throughout the location observations from the types of ficus, sp, prone grass, bayur, and rice sturdy.

Use of Vertical Space
Reintroduced orangutans at CAJ use vertical space to carry out various daily activities ranging from heights < 1m -30 m.The use of vertical space by reintroduced orangutans in CAJ is presented in Table 1.The use of vertical space as in table data explains that reintroduced orangutans can use all vegetation canopy structures.This does not regardless of the ability of reintroduced orangutans to utilize space.Reintroduced orangutans also need time to slowly lose their habituation level with society to become wild again.The table data also shows that not all of these orangutans use the same canopy strata every day.The frequency of use of vertical space is not the same for all reintroduced orangutan species.Not all day they are in a low position of 1-9 m, sometimes on the same day they are in a fairly high vertical space, namely 20-29 m, sometimes they are found at medium heights, namely 10-19 m This explains that CA and TWA In the 1-9 meter canopy strata only 45.15 and 38.81% more time for molika and Poni are used by orangutans for activities, whereas in the 20 -19 m canopy strata the most activity is found for reintroduced orangutans.cut keke and asokha.They stay at high altitudes all day long and are not found active in lower level vegetation.This explains that cut keke and asokha can adapt well to natural habitats and can survive well in natural habitats.is at a height of 11-20 m, namely 49%, followed by canopy strata above 20 m.Referring to the structure of the vegetation canopy, orangutans have the highest activity in the canopy structure of section B, with a height of 20 -30 m, followed by the canopy of section C with a canopy height of more than 10 -19 m, and the least in the canopy of section D with a canopy height of 1 -9 m.This canopy structure shows that CA and TWA are two forest habitats that are good enough to support the life of reintroduced orangutans.Based on this data, it is known that a height of 1-9 m is an unsafe height for reintroduced orangutans from predators, especially from the presence of wild animal hunters.The use of vertical space with a complex canopy structure like this is also found in the langur (T.auratus) group (Hendrawan et al., 2019).This movement is also one of the orangutan's strategies for survival in the future.Figure 4 also shows that the canopy still has uninterrupted connectivity.This condition is very supportive for the continuation of orangutan reintroduction.

Figure 2 . 2
Figure 2. Diameter of the trunk where reintroduced orangutans implanted

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Tree canopy profile in CAJ

2581-8341 Volume 06 Issue 11 November 2023 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i11-42, Impact Factor: 6.789 IJCSRR @ 2023 7360
All types of vegetation are food sources for reintroduced orangutans in the Jantho Nature Reserve and Nature Tourism Park.These types of vegetation are classified into bushes, saplings, poles and trees, as well as lianas.Data from Table1shows that Leea indica is the type of vegetation that is most frequently visited by reintroduced molikha and poni orangutans, namely 12.90%, followed by ISSN: * Corresponding Author: Ruskhanidar Volume 06 Issue 11 November 2023 Available at: www.ijcsrr.orgPage No. 7356-7365

2581-8341 Volume 06 Issue 11 November 2023 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i11-42, Impact Factor: 6.789 IJCSRR @ 2023 7361
1 -9 m, 10 -19 m, and 20 -29 m.This height is generally used by wild orangutans for activities.This is in accordance with research (23) that Sumatran orangutans have higher daily activity at a height of 16 -25 m.ISSN: * Corresponding Author: Ruskhanidar Volume 06 Issue 11 November 2023 Available at: www.ijcsrr.orgPage No. 7356-7365 Table1shows the range of canopy strata used by reintroduced orangutans for foraging and other social activities.The canopy strata where reintroduced otangutans have the lowest activity is at a height of < 1 meter and the highest is above 30 meters.Complete data are presented in Table1.
These data explain that the reintroduced orangutans observed generally used all levels of the canopy for activities.This is different from wild orangutans, where they all spend their activity time at a certain height only(lailan et al .2022;(susilowati et al .2020).