Place Deictic Expression Usage in English Movie “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”

: Knowing how the deictic expression is delivered in our daily interaction is way necessary to help participant in avoiding an ambiguity interpretation. This researcher aimed to analyze how speaker and hearer interaction in Diary of a Wimpy Kid dealt with place deictic expression and to reveal the type of place deictic used within each usage by considering some different usage of deictic term proposed by Levinson (1983) and other linguist. This research used descriptive qualitative method to analysis place deictic term found in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movie. There are four different usage found, they are gestural, symbolic, anaphoric, and non-anaphoric usage. Both gestural and symbolic involve pure and impure place deictic. While anaphoric and non-anaphoric only involve pure and impure for each. Those usage is use differently to convey meaning based on context of utterance that tied to the participant.

researchers focused on finding how the usage of deictic expression in consideration to deictic usage by Levinson (1983, p. 65) within Donald Trump's speech at Rose Garden, White House, which delivered on 1 June 2020 as the President of United States.From the speech the researchers found deixis usage of symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic usage.Another research of deixis used in a movie also came from Hidayat et al., (2021).The researchers was focused to find the deixis that used in "Wonder Women" movie to know the type of the founding deixis.As the result, they categorized the deixis found into five types.They are, first person, second person, third person, discourse deixis and temporal deixis (Sukmawaty et al., 2022;Weda et al., 2021).In discourse deixis, the researchers explained some demonstrative and locative adverb usage, i.e. cataphoric and anaphoric usage.However, discourse deixis (or text) was type of deixis that influence by Lyons (1968) ;Fillmore, (1975).This recent research focused on one deixis types originally examined by Levinson (1983), i.e.Place deixis.The researcher eager (1) to analyse how the way of place deictic expression used in the chosen movie was delivered; it is about to analyse whether it used gestural, symbolic or anaphoric way and (2) to know what type of place deictic expression found from the way it is delivered; it is about to know whether it categorized as pure or impure place deictic

Deictic Expression
Deictic expressions are words, phrases and features of grammar that have to be interpreted in relation to the situation in which they are uttered, such as me 'the sender of the utterance' or here 'the place where the sender is' (Griffiths, 2006, p. 14).The use of deictic expression is divided based on each category; for instance, from the example given by Griffiths (2006) above, "me" is one of deictic expression that known as person deixis which also used to identifying second person of participant in a speech event.Meanwhile "here" is one of deictic expression that known as place deixis (Sukmawaty et al., 2022;Sahib et al., 2019) In addition, Yule (1996, p. 93) said that the most obvious place deictic terms in English are the adverbs "here" and "there" and the demonstratives "this" and "that".The demonstrative is along with the plural form.The adverbs "here" and "there" are often thought of as simple contrasts on a proximal/distal dimension, stretching away from the speaker's location (Levinson, 1983, p. 80).The same in demonstrative, it also to organized in a straightforward proximal-distal dimension, whereby this can mean 'the object in a pragmatically given area close to the speaker's location at CT', and that 'the object beyond the pragmatically given area close to the speaker's location at CT' (Lyons in Levinson, 1983, p. 81).CT is the abbreviation Coding Time give for referring to temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed).Furthermore, place deictic is also categorized as pure and impure deixis.Valeika and Verikaitė (2010, p. 20) stated that place deictic expression which involve pure deictic are used independently, i.e. they are not followed by words naming entities, e.g.What is this/that?Meanwhile, impure deictic are deictic followed by words naming the entities, e.g.What is this thing?Who is this man?.In line to this, Levinson (1980, p. 79) also added adverbs here and there as pure place deictic.Levinson (1983, p. 64) said that it is essential to distinguish different kinds of usage of deictic expression.Regarding to this, Levinson consider the deictic usage distinguish by Fillmore (1975).There are important distinctions in the uses of adverbs "here" and "there" and the demonstratives "this" and "that" and other deictic words can be used in one or more of three different ways which called gestural, symbolic, and anaphoric (Fillmore in Yule, 1996, p. 93 ).

Gestural
By the gestural use of a deictic expression meant that use by which it can be properly interpreted only by somebody who is monitoring some physical aspect of the communication situation (Yule, 1996, p. 93).Similarly, Levinson (1983, p. 65) states that gestural usages require a moment by moment physical monitoring of the speech event for their interpretation.Besides Yule (1996) and Levinson (1983), Cruse (2006, p.74) also gives explanation about gestural deixis.According to him, the term refers to the use of a deictic expression in a situation where, prototypically, speaker and hearer are together and the hearer can see what the speaker is doing.He also added Gestural deixis typically involves a gesture on the part of the speaker.Thus it can be inferred that the use of gestural is the use of deictic expression in a speech moment by someone who is monitoring physical aspect to obtain appropriate interpretation and it could be done when the interlocutor is nearby to be able seeing the monitoring moment.It was this big (speaker indicates a size with his hands) (Cruse, 2006, p.74).This is totally unacceptable (speaker points to an offensive poster) (Cruse, 2006, p. 74).This one's genuine, but this one is a fake (here is example of the use of demonstrative with a selecting gesture) (Levinson, 1983, p. 65).

Symbolic
By the symbolic use of a deictic expression meant that use whose interpretation involves merely knowing certain aspects of the speech communication situation (Yule, 1996, p. 93).In line to this, Levinson (1983, p. 65) also stated that symbolic usages of deictic terms require for their interpretation only knowledge of (in particular) the basic spatio-temporal parameters of the speech event.Moreover, Cruse (2006, p. 175) also said that symbolic deixis refers to the use of a deictic expression where close monitoring of the situation by the hearer is not required because the relations between the speaker and the things referred to are relatively stable and do not change over the course of a conversation or discourse.Therefore, symbolic use may be interpreted as the use of deictic expression which its interpretation always depends on the knowledge of the general location of the participants or in other word the parameter that used to interpret this use of deictic expression is relative on the participants' position at the speech moment.Some examples of symbolic use in place deictic expression are as follows."Is Johnny there?", (here the symbolic use is exemplified in the telephoner's utterance, where the word there is understood as meaning in the place where addressee are) (Yule, 1996, p. 93).I've lived here all my life (Cruse, 2006, p. 175).This city is really beautiful (Levinson, 1983, p. 65).That's a beautiful view (Levinson, 1983, p. 66).I'm writing to say I'm having a marvellous time here (the symbolic usage of here, as this, can be glossed as the pragmatically given unit of space that includes the location of the speaker at CT (coding time) or at the time of speaking) (Levinson, 1983, p. 79).

Anaphoric
By the anaphoric use of a deictic expression meant that use which can be correctly interpreted by knowing what other portion of the same discourse the expression is co-referential with (Yule, 1996, p. 93).It means to interpret the deictic expression uttered by speaker in a conversation needs to pay attention to the entity mentioned before in the speaking time.This explanation is strengthen by Levinson (1983, p. 67) whose said an anaphoric usage is where some term picks out as referent the same entity (or class of objects) that some prior term in the discourse picked out.The following will be some examples of the use of place deictic expression as anaphoric use.
An example of the anaphoric use of there is in a sentence like "I drove the car to the parking lot and left it there" (in this case the word refers to a place which had been identified earlier in the discourse, namely the parking lot) (Yule, 1996, p. 93).I was born in London and have lived there ever since (there refers back to whatever place London refers to, but simultaneously contrasts with here on the deictic dimension of space, locating the utterance outside London (Levinson, 1983, p. 67).
In addition, from the three explained above, Levinson also define different usages of deictic term, and added the fourth way to use, called non-anaphoric usage.This usage is categorized as non-deictic usage along with anaphoric usage.Levinson gave an explanation of a non-anaphoric usage from the following example: How are things there?The deictic expression "there" from above example does not generally mean 'how are things at sorne place distant from the speaker', but rather 'how are things where the addressee is'.Other examples from Levinson (1983, p. 66) are as follow.
is important to keep in mind that we have a large range of gestures available (Louwerse & Bangerter, 2005, p. 1).According to Louwerse and Bangerter (2005, p. 1) Generally, there are four categories of gesture are distinguished.Gesture that relate to deictic there are concrete deictic gestures (pointing at a painting when talking about the Rembrandt's Nightwatch), and abstract deictic gestures (gesturing from left to right saying "from the beginning to the end"); Therefore, in analyzing gestural usage, the research will focused on concrete deictic gestures.The following are some examples given for the use place deictic expression by gestural use.Example: I want you to put it there (here gestural shows where the speaker is pointing in order to know what place he is indicating) (Yule, 1996, p. 93).