A Potential Application of Microbial Pigment: An Alternative to Synthetic Dye & Colourants

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from sources of natural resources.Minerals must be present, and colour output must be acceptable.The majority of bacterial pigment synthesis is still going on. the stage of research and development as a result, work on bacterial pathogens has begun.Pigments, in particular, should be considered.locating a low-cost and acceptable growing medium in in order to lower the price while increasing the quality ability to be used in industrial manufacturing Fermentation is fundamentally a speedier and more efficient process (Malik, Tokkas, and Goyal et al., 2012).

Dye & Colorant:
Dyes are organic compounds with color that are used to color a variety of substrates such as cosmetics, paper, pharmaceuticals, leather, fur, greases, hair, waxes, plastics, and textiles."Dyes are chemical substances that can attach themselves to surfaces or fabrics to give them color (Ngulube et al., 2017).Basic, acid, reactive, direct, vat, and disperse dyes are among the many types of dyes used in various industries.Except for dispersion and vat dyes, all of these dyes are water-soluble.Apart from the vat and disperse dyes, colors contain quantities of metals such as chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and cobalt.Dye effluents from the industry are noted for their intense color and organic content.In addition, it is hazardous (Ngulube et al., 2017).Dyes are coloured compounds that may transfer their colours to a matrix, which could be fiber, paper, or any other thing.They must adhere to a cloth impregnated with their solution, and the coloured fixed dyes must be lightfast as well as resistant to water, dilute acids, alkali's, various organic solvents used in dry cleaning, soap solutions, detergent, and other chemicals (Bhatti et al., 2017).
Because it has absorbed some electromagnetic energy from the visual area, a compound appears coloured.Chromophores are the moiety in colouring substances that absorb electromagnetic radiation and reflect it in the visible spectrum (Bhatti et al., 2011).
Reactive dyes are extensively used because of their favourable characteristics of bright colour and low energy consumption during application (Krupali & Butani, et al.,2021).

II. CLASSIFICATION OF DYE & COLOURANT [1] Natural dye:
Colorants (dyes and pigments) generated from animal and vegetable components without the use of chemicals are known as natural dyes.Mordant dyes are the most common, but there are also vat, solvent, pigment, and acid variants.Colors generated from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals are known as natural colors.Natural colors, which have been used since ancient times, are primarily derived from plants, whereas synthetic dyes are created artificially from chemical compounds (Slama et al., 2021).Fabrics, food, cosmetics, and medications are all dyed with these colors.(Ebrahim et al., 2021).Natural colours, which have been used since ancient times, are primarily derived from plants, whereas synthetic dyes are created artificially from chemical compounds (Slama et al., 2021).Natural dyes such as jack fruit, onion, eucalyptus, turmeric, weld, and henna were commonly utilized in the early textile business.As a result, they're largely used in the food sector nowadays (Ngulube et al., 2017).The Cassia singulars plant can be utilized as a natural coloring source (Guha et al., 2019).These dyes can provide not only a diverse range of dyes, but also a rich and diverse source of dyestuff.However, they could also be considered safe, environmentally friendly, and low-cost treatments, with the added bonus of being able to color in one step (Kasiri et al., 2014).Natural dyes have several advantages, including the fact that they require no special care, are beautiful and rich in tones, act as a health cure, have no disposal issues, have no carcinogenic effect, are easily biodegradable, require a simple dye house to apply on matrix, and are extracted and applied under reaction conditions.Natural dyes have some drawbacks, such as limited color availability, poor color output, complex dyeing processes, poor fastness qualities, and difficulties combining hues (Bhatti et al., 2011).
[2] Synthetic dye: Synthetic dyes are a type of brightly coloured organic compounds that are primarily used to tint textiles and attach themselves to the fiber molecules through chemical bonding synthetic dyes are divided into two categories: chemical structure and application methods.Synthetic dyes are divided into two categories: chemical structure and application methods (Bhatti et al., 2011).Synthetic dyes have nearly totally supplanted natural colours, particularly in the fabric and textile industries (Wang et al., 2016).Reactive dyes are those that have groups in their ions or molecules that react with other groups in fibers to generate covalent dyefibre interactions (Aspland et al., 1992).Due of theirsignificantly excellent fastness qualities and simplicity of application, reactive dyes are the most extensively used type of dyes (Siddiqua et al., 2017).They are noted for their excellent pigmentation, long-lasting effect, ease of manipulation over a wide temperature range, and versatility due to their versatility.A variety of reactive groups capable of forming covalent connections with a variety of fibers (Ebrahim et al., 2021).Because of their brightness of shade, wide color range, versatile application processes, and all-around good colourfastness' features of the resultant dyeing reactive dyes are the most preferred dyes for dyeing cotton (Lewis et al., 2007).
A number of new direct dyes were synthesized from non-genotoxic diamines and examined as prospective alternatives to certain benzidine-based dyes in prior work in our laboratories (Bae et al., 2003).Due to its occurrence in numerous industrial effluents such as textile, tannery, paper, soap, cosmetics, polishes, wax, and so on, direct dye was chosen for the adsorption experiment (Abdelwahab et al., 2005).These are azo dyes that are applied to cotton-silk blends in neutral or slightly alkaline baths with added electrolytes.These dyes are used to colour materials such as cellulose, wool, nylon, and silk (Bhatti et al., 2011).To improve their fabric binding abilities, they are coupled with inorganic electrolytes and anionic salts in the form of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) or sodium chloride (NaCl) (Slama et al., 2021).
(2.1.3)Indigo dyes: The colour indigo, or dark blue, is classified as a vat dye, which was formerly insoluble in water but became so after an alkaline reduction.To achieve a complete bonding of the dye to the fabric, the textile dyeing process begins with the water-soluble or leucon form of indigo, which then oxidizes under air exposure and returns to its original insoluble or keto form.Indigo dyes are primarily utilized in blue denim dyeing, which explains why they are produced in such large quantities all over the world (Slama In terms of fastness qualities, sulfur dyes can be thought of as spanning the gap between direct dyes and vat dyes, however they differ greatly among themselves.The most changeable property is light fastness which, as one might anticipate, decreases as the depth of shade decreases (Aspland et al., 1992).Cotton fibers are frequently dyed using sulfur dyes (Parvinzadeh et al., 2007).
Starting materials typically comprise aromatic compounds with at least one nitro, nitroso, amino, modified amino, or hydroxy groups, such as benzene, naphthalene, diphenyl, diphenylamine, azobenzene, and others.Sulfur dyes are mostly used to colour textile cellulosic materials or blends of cellulosic fibers and synthetic fibers, but they also have limited uses in the dyeing of silk Cationic dyes, such as acrylic, cationic dyeable polyester, and cationic dyeable nylon, establish ionic connections with anionic fibers.These are amino derivatives that are mostly utilized for paper applications (Bhatti et al., 2017).These dyes are commonly used on acrylic, paper, and nylon substrates; however, some modified polyester substrates can also benefit from their use.Due to their weak migratory capabilities at the boil, basic dyes are frequently used with retarders.Basic dyes are water-soluble and produce coloured cations in solution, which are electrostatically attracted to negative-charged substrates (Benkhaya et al., 2017).Because they change into colorful cationic ions that dye anionic fiber textiles, basic dyes are also known as cationic dyes.Their leader is Cyanine, triarylmethane, anthraquinone, diarylethene, diazahelicene, oxazine, hemocyanin, thiazine, and hemocyanin are some examples of structures (Slama et al., 2021).

III. THE HARMFUL IMPACT ON AIR, WATER, HUMAN, SOIL, PLANTS
The main impact of industrial dye effluent is on receiving water bodies.These effluents' dark hue and high turbidity prevent sunlight from passing through the water.They have an impact on the human body's vital organs (brain, kidney, liver, and heart) as well as systems (respiratory, immunological, and reproductive) (Slama et al., 2021).

IV. TOXICITY EFFECTS OF DYES
Dyes may reduce photosynthetic activity in aquatic life by reducing light penetration.They may also be hazardous to some aquatic species owing to metals, aromatics, and other contaminants.Dyes are teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in numerous bacterial and fish species (Yagub et al., 2014).(Waghela et al. 2018).The most important microorganisms in this area are bacteria, yeasts, and fungus, which are all capable of creating natural colours.Numerous fungal pigments have been described and have been used for a long time as taxonomic identifiers.Some of them are commercially available for cell staining and protein detection, and they can also be utilised as substitutes for the creation of synthetic dyes in the textile industry.(Celedónet al. 2021).Carotenoids, flavonoids, tetrapirroles, and other natural pigments are among the most important.The pigment that is used the most Beta-carotene is a kind of vitamin A that is widely employed in industry.is derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae.Phaffia rohodozoa-derived astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluviais is a powerful red pigment.

VI. CLASSIFICATION OF PIGMENTS
The two categories of pigments are natural/synthetic and organic/inorganic pigments.Biological pigments can be used in a variety of ways.Natural affinities and structural affinities were used to classify the organisms.Several examples of naturally occurring phenomena the following are pigments: 6.1 Riboflavin: riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that is yellow in colour.Traditional Riboflavin is increasingly being synthesised chemically.commercially viable alternatives Ascomycetes are used in biotechnological operations.Candida fermata, Ashby gossypii, Ashby gossypii or the Bacillus subtilis bacteria.It's found in infant foods, breakfast cereals, and other products.pasta, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks, and so on vitamin-fortified milk, as well as some energy beverages (Malik et al., 2012).

Beta-carotene:
Beta-carotene can be found in Phycomyces and.Beta-carotene generated via Blakeslee fermentation is considered by the European Union Committee to be safe.trispora is the chemically manufactured version of trispora.substance that is employed as a food colourant and is thus approved for use in meals as a colouring agent (Malik et al., 2012).  .Despite the use of natural pigments and colourants, compounds of the anthraquinone class have been reported to have antibacterial properties and bright colours.These compounds may be a source of textiles that are resistant to bacteria.To successfully employ natural colours for any specific fibre in a commercial setting, the suitable and regulated methods for dyeing with a natural dye method for that specific fabric adoption is required.in order to acquire more recent a colour that exhibits acceptable colour fastness & consistent colour output, suitable There are to be scientific dyeing methods and procedures derived.

Food Industry
Food industry is aiming to develop food in various attractive colours.Industries are converting to natural colouring agents because of the harmful impact of synthetic colouring and additives on human health.Because there are less natural colourants available, the food business has greater demand for them.This demand for natural pigments can be fulfilled by research in finding natural coloring agents (Numan et al., 2018) the natural Carotenoids can sometimes work as a sun screen, preserving the quality of food by shielding it from harsh light.Corn carotenoids have been shown to prevent the formation of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus (90%) and most Aspergillus parasitic us (30%) strains(Aberoumand 2011).Chocolate is thought to have originated in Mesoamerica and has been consumed as a food, medicine, and beverage for over 2,000 years.Raw cocoa is high in antioxidants, which are also found in vegetables and tea, according to studies (Mazhar 2022).Additionally connected to food, they are in charge of the fermentation of food goods.Due to its availability, non-seasonality, scalability, higher output per hectare, and simple down streaming processing, microbial pigments are a superior alternative to manufactured food colours than plants.The food industry already uses microbial pigments from various bacteria to colour meals, including Monascus, AR pink Red (natural red-industrial name) from Penicillium oxalic, -carotene from Blakes lea trispora, and Astaxanthin(Sen, t.etal., 2019).

Lycopene production:
It is a red open-chain unsaturated carotenoid, acyclic isomer of beta-carotene, and longer than any other carotenoid.Lycopene, also known as psi-carotene, is very sensitive to heat and oxidation and is insoluble in water.In a study cis-isomers of lycopene were shown to be more stable, having higher antioxidant potential compared to the all-trans lycopene.Genetically modified fungus Fusariumsporotrichioides was used by (Jones et.al.,) to manufacture the colourant and antioxidant lycopene.They used the cheap corn fibre material as the substrate.Cultures in lab flasks produced 0.5 mg (lycopene)/g ofdry mass within 6 days and such a production will be increased within the next years (Kumar et al., 2015).

Therapeutic application:
Infectious diseases are now, behind non-communicable diseases, the second leading cause of death worldwide and in wealthy nations.Today, there is a strong demand for novel antibiotics due to the growing number of resistant microorganisms.The prevalence of germs gaining resistance has increased over the past 25 years despite a drop in the number of new medications hitting the market, making it harder to deliver treatment.Pigments are a good option, and numerous studies have been done to find newer antibacterial agents.According to reports, both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to the antimicrobial effects of bacterial pigments (Ferreira et al., 2004).

2 . 1 ) 2 . 1 . 1 )
Synthetic dyes are split into three categories based on the created fiber's nature.cellulose fiber dyes, protein fiber dyes, and synthetic fiber dyes are the three types.(Cellulose fiber dyes: Plants such as linen, cotton, ramie, rayon, lyocell, and hemp produce cellulose fiber.With reactive dyes, direct dyes, indigo dyes, and Sulphur dyes, these fabrics produce flawless results (Slama et al., 2021).(Reactive dyes: Chemical structures in reactive dyes are complex, forming covalent bonds.Connections formed between reactive groups of the functional groups of cellulose and agile functional groups of molecules of dye.The most common dyes are reactive dyes.Reactive dyes are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings with halogen substituents that undergo nucleophilic substitution with cellulose fibers.(Shyamala Gowri et al., 2014).

( 2 . 1 . 4 )
al., 2021).Because pure indigo is just slightly water-soluble, it's perfect for use as a pigment (Stasiak et al., 2014).Indigo was traditionally obtained from plants of the genus Indigofera, which are native to the tropics, and was utilised in the textile business (Baran et al., 2010) Sulfur dye: Sulfur dyes accounted for 9.1% of total US dye production and 15.8% of dyes for use on cellulosic fibers in 1966, with global production estimated at 110,000-120,000 tones per (Benkhaya et al., 2017).Approximately 10-40% of sulfur dyes are lost in effluents, which contain unfixed dyestuff, residual organics, high concentrations of sulphides (1.06-1.40g L -1 ), and high concentrations of inorganic salts such as sodium thiosulfate (284-311 g L -1 ) from old sulfuretingprocedures (Nguyen et al., 2013).

2 . 2 . 3 ) 2 . 3 ) 2 . 3 . 1 ) 2 . 3 . 1 )
.47191/ijcsrr/V5-i9-07, Impact Factor: 5.995 IJCSRR @ 2022 www.ijcsrr.org3314 * Corresponding Author: Dr. Murtaza Hajoori Volume 05 Issue 09 September 2022 Available at: ijcsrr.orgPage No.-3311-3321and paper, as well as on certain types of leathers(Benkhaya et al., 2017).Cotton and rayon are dyed with these colours.Due to its water-soluble reduced form and insoluble oxidized form, the application of this dye necessitates caution(Bhatti et al., 2011).They have a complicated structure that includes is a disulfide (S-S) bridge(Slama et al., 2021).(2.2) Protein fiber dyes: Silk, cashmere, angora, mohair, and wool are all protein fibers derived from animals.Because they are sensitive to high pH levels, they are coloured with indigo.To obtain a molecule of an insoluble colour on the fiber, a water-soluble acid dyestuff is used (Slama et al., 2021).(2.2.1) Azo dye: These dyes contain an azo component (-N=N-), which is utilized in cotton fabric dyeing.In the dyeing procedure, the fiber is first treated with a coupler, then azo dye is applied.This type of dye responds to light quickly (Bhatti et al., 2017).The global production of azo dyes is estimated to be around 1 million tons per year.There may be an azo bond connection (-N = N-).One azo linkage appears several times in mono azo dyes.Azo dyes are the most common type of synthetic dye.azo dyes account for over 70% of all dyes used in the industry.Textile, cosmetic, leather, pharmaceutical, paper, paint, and food industries all use them (Benkhaya et al., 2017).Azo dyes are divided into three classes based on the number of azo groups in their structure (mono, di, and poly) (Slama et al., 2021).Azo dyes make up the largest and most flexible group of dyes, accounting for more than half of the yearly dye production (estimated at 1 million tonnes in 1994) (Stolz et al., 2001).Only one natural azo compound (4-40 dihydroxy azo benzene) has been reported thus far (Pandey et al., 2007).(2.2.2) Anthraquinone dyes: Anthraquinone dyestuffs are widely employed in the textile dyeing industry; red dyestuff in particular has been used for a long time.These dyes are renowned for their exceptional fastness, bright colours, and water solubility.Junctions with azo dyes could be formed using the anthraquinone structure (Slama et al., 2021).Plants, animals, and insects can all produce anthraquinone-based red colours (Ebrahim et al., 2021).From many thousands of years ago until the late 19th century, anthraquinones were commonly found in the most prevalent red natural colourants used in textile dyeing (Shahid et al., 2019).The largest group of natural quinones is anthraquinone derivatives (Duval et al., 2016).(Triarylmethane dyes: When made composed of two groups of sulfonic acid, triphenylmethane dyes are commonly used in the textile industry for colouring wool and silk protein fibers (SO3H).If they only have one sulfonic acid (SO3H) autochrome in their chemical structure, they can be employed as indicators.The solubility of these dyestuffs in water, as well as their wide and strong colour spectrum, make them popular (Slama et al., 2021).Their use accounts for 30-40% of overall dye use, and they are widely used on nylon, cotton, wool, and silk (Ogugbue et al., 2011).Their use accounts for 30-40% of overall dye use, and they are widely used on nylon, cotton, wool, and silk (Mittal et al., 2010).(2.2.4) Phthalocyanine dye: Green and blue hues are produced through a reaction between the 1,4-Dicyanobenzene molecule and a metallic atom (Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, etc.) in the phthalocyanine family of dyes.They have a variety of intrinsic qualities, including high lightfastness, oxidation resistance, water solubility, and chemical stability.(Slama et al., 2021).(Synthetic fiber: Fabrics made of synthetic fibers include spandex, polyester, acrylic, polyamide, polyacetal, polypropylene, ingot, and acetate.Because of their extensive application range, they are used in 60 per cent of global fiber manufacturing.Direct dyes, basic dyes, and disperse dyes are used to colour these fibers (Slama et al., 2021).(Dispersedyes: These dyes are colloidal and hydrophobic fibers soluble.Polyester, nylon, acetate and triacetate fibers are commonly dyed with these dyes.They are.Usually administered as a dispersion from a dye bath using the direct colloidal absorption method(Bhatti et  al., 2017).Disperse dyes are synthetic Colourants for hydrophobic substrates that are extensively used in textile dyeing as commercial blends.They are frequently employed in big quantities, and substantial volumes of wastewater can be generated because of the vast amounts of water needed in the dyeing procedures and the high proportion of dye that remains in the water bath.These dyes are usually intractable or only soluble in small amounts.Water-based, non-ionic, and applied to hydrophobic fibers from an aqueous dispersion(Benkhaya et al., 2017).The smallest molecules in all dyes are dispersed dyes.These dyes are insoluble in the stable when exposed to high temperatures.High-temperature conditions A dyeing solution is a combination of dye powder and a dispersion agent(Slama et al., 2021).(Basicdye: :The main carotenoid pigment, canthaxanthin, is produced by orange-and dark-pink-pigmented Bradyrhizobium (photosynthetic) strains that were isolated from stem nodules of Aeschynomene species and Halobacterium spp.Canthaxanthins are strong antioxidants that prevent liposomes' lipids from oxidising(Malik et al., 2012).6.4 Carotenoids:the reported organisms areErwinia,Flavobacterium, Brevibacterium, Para coccus, Antibacterial (celadons etal., 2021).Are naturally occurring yellow to orange-red pigments.Similarly, aryl carotenoids such as isorenieratene, 3-hydroxyisorenieratene and 3,30-di-hydroxy-isorenieratene are found in very few microorganisms, such as Brevibacterium linens, Streptomyces Mediolanum, and Mycobacterium arum.In general, carotenes (-carotenes and -carotenes) and xanthophylls (zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin) are divided into two classes.They are frequently used as food colours and are rich in antioxidants.The majority of known bacteria generate carotenoids.belongs to the Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, and Myxococcus genera.Agrobacterium and Sulfolobussulfolobus are two different types of bacteria.(Aberoumand 2011).thebiological activity is Antibiotic, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic activity (celadons et al., 2021).

7 . 3 . 1
Arpink red production: It is the red pigment produced by the strain Penicilliumoxalicum obtained from the soil.It contains chromophore of anthraquinone type (Laurent 2006).The amounts of red pigment Arpink Red in various food products was amount recommended by Codex AlimentariusCommmision (Abhishek et al., 20015).

6.5 Prodigiosin: is
(Ferreira et al., 2004) generated by a variety of bacteria, including Serratia.Rug monas marcescens, Vibrio phycoerythrin Actinomycetes like Streptoverticillium rubra Kanafani discovered rubrireticuli and other eubacteria.It is reported to have antibacterial, anti-malarial, and antiviral properties.antibioticandanticanceraction.Infections from chromogenic biotypes found in the natural environment are uncommon, and clinical isolates are very rarer(Malik et al., 2012).Biological activity is Biocontrol Antibiotic, Algacidal, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antimalarial Antidiabetic, Immune system modulator.Reported organism Serratia, Janthinobacterium, Streptomyces,Vibrio,Zooshikella, Pseudoalteromonas (Celadons et al., 2021).Phycocyanin and Pyoverdines: is a blue pigment made by plants.Reported organisms is Pseudomonas.chlorophyll-acontainingcyanobacteriathecolourblueSpirulina (blue green) is the name of the colourant.alga),whichalsohappensto be the name of a dietary supplement.It's made out of dried cyanobacteria and is high in protein.Pyoverdines and pyoverdines are virulence factors produced by the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and are widely known for their capacity for iron uptake from the extracellular mediums(Priya 2017).biologicalactivity is Bioluminescence, Virulence factor, Iron uptake, Bioluminescence, Virulence factor.Violacein: is a bacterium-derived pigment with a wide range of applications.A purple dye, is a natural compound of indelindolocarbazole formed by the condensation of two tryptophan molecules.Chromobacterium violacein is a bacterium that has a number of different characteristics.biologicalprocessesIt is gaining popularity.In industrial markets, such as medicine, it is of critical importance.Cosmetics, food, and textiles are just a few examples(Celedón and Díaz 2021).precursors,violacein,glaukothalin,pyocyanin,xanthomonad in, phenazine, canthaxanthin, violacein, glaukothalin, pyocyanin, xanthomonad in, phenazine, canthaxanthin, canthaxanthin, cantha Several bacteria create astaxanthin.Several synthetic colourants are being researched as anticancer and immunosuppressive medicines.Notes on various synthetic dyes and pigments from the past are of industrial interest.Applications (textiles, cosmetics, and food) have recently been well-detailed, as have their drawbacks(Tuli et al.,2015).Lycopene-widely present and consumed in tomatoes, a brilliant red pigment consisting of carotenoid.It has been isolated from microbes like Fusarium, Sporotrichosis's, and Blakes lea trispora, and has the potential to attenuate persistent diseases such as some types of cancers and coronary heart disease.It is used in meat colouring in countries like the USA, Australia and New Zealand(Ferreira et al., 2004). ISSN:

2581-8341 Volume 05 Issue 09 September 2022 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V5-i9-07, Impact Factor: 5.995 IJCSRR @ 2022 www.ijcsrr.org 3318 * Corresponding Author: Dr. Murtaza Hajoori Volume 05 Issue 09 September 2022 Available at: ijcsrr.org Page No.-3311-3321 complex
vitamins.A variety of in addition, investigations have shown that RYR and Statins lower blood glucose levels in diabetics (Numan et al., 2018).7.2 Textile Industry About 1.3 million tonnes of pigments, dyes, and dye precursors are produced and used in the textile industry each year, costing close to US $23 billion.The majority of these are manufactured synthetically.However, synthetic dyes have a number of drawbacks, including safety issues and the production of toxic waste (Numanet al., 2018).Synthetic dyes are widelyThey are available for a reasonable price and yield a wide range of colours, but they harm the skin.allergies and other hazardous conditions for humans, generates toxicity and chemical risks while Synthesis produces unwanted, dangerous, or toxic products.other compounds These potentially harmful effects of There are increased consumer demand for synthetic pigments.Considering client preference for natural or microbiological pigments (known as natural dying) (Abhishek et at., 2015)