Epidemiological Characteristics of Risk Factors of Preurolitiasis and Urolitiasis in Farmers’ Population

: The farmer population was isolated by the absolute selection, in the climatic conditions of the Fergana Valley (2551). Of these, 2478 (men – 1270 and women – 1208) were fully examined. Participation in the study was 96.6 percent. The prevalence of common risk factors in a farmer population using epidemiological, survey, biochemical, and instrumental methods are characterized by high rates and have gender – age characteristics. Risk factors vary sharply with age and increase. Farmers have developed inconsistent epidemiological conditions predisposing them to pre – urolithiasis and urolithiasis, and hence their correction leads to success in primary and secondary prevention.


INTRODUCTION
Pre-urolithiasis (PUL), urolithiasis (UL), and urinary stone diseases, in general, are recorded as systemic non-communicable chronic diseases of metabolism with an increasing trend in all countries of the world [1,2,3,4]. Researchers are conducting scientific studies on the prevention of urolithiasis. Improving the regional metaphylaxis system and disease prevention is an urgent issue [5,6,7,3,8]. In Uzbekistan, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors are highly prevalent (89.0%) and pose a significant risk to public health (WHO, 2014). The main threat of these risk factors is that they lead to metabolic shifts and remain the direct causative agents of NCDs, including PUL and UL or urinary stone diseases [9, WHO, 2020]. Risk factors will be a priority in the formation of a healthy lifestyle, and according to expertsthe share of a healthy lifestyle in a healthy state will not be less than 55.0% [10,11]. Based on this, the epidemiology of risk factors for PUL and UL in the population of farmers operating in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan was studied and evaluated for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The object of the study was the unorganised population of the Andijan region of the Fergana Valley, engaged in farming in the climatic conditions of Pakhtaabad. In its organization and implementation, the criteria developed and recommended in the international scientific community were used [CINDI, 1991, WHO, 2018, 2020. ≤17-year-olds, 18-70-year-olds and 2551 elderly people living in 11 areas of the study area, engaged in farming, were selected using the absolute selection method. The population is mainly engaged in agricultural work on farms in vegetable growing, horticulture, viticulture and rice. Of those included in the one-time epidemiological survey list, 2,478 (males -1,270 (51.2 percent) and females -1,208 (48.8 percent) participated in the survey, and population participation activity was 96.6 percent (73 people for various reasons) up to 3 times, despite repeated invitations, did not participate in the study). The examination was carried out at the screening centre, which used epidemiological, survey, biochemical, and instrumental methods. The questionnaire was used to determine the risk factors for major chronic noncommunicable diseases" (U.K. Kayumov, 2020). For epidemiological diagnosis used ECG, EchoCG, ultrasound (ultrasound), ultrasound scan (UTS) and anthropometric measurements. Biochemical indicators cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, micro-macro nutrients, protein metabolism indicators) were determined using the capabilities of clinical laboratories of regional medical institutions and evaluated according to international criteria. Urinary tract radiography, urography and renal tomography were performed under special instructions. Risk factors include alimentary factors, hypodynamics, chemotherapy, urostasis, hereditary predisposition, dysmetabolic disorders (hypercalcemia/uria, hyperphosphatemia/uria, hypomagnesemia, hyperoxaluria, hypershondorrhoids, socially diagnosed diseases) and demographic. The recommendations and criteria of the World Health Table 1 presents an analysis of the results of a study of the epidemiological characterization of malnutrition factor (MNF) in the farming population. The conclusion from the analysis of the table numbers is that the alimentary factor is determined by the frequency of MNF in the farming population and family members, in able-bodied men and women, at high levels.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diagnostic criteria of MNF: • insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables (less than 400 g or 4-6 servings per day); • intake of more than 5 g of table salt per day (adding salt to cooked food, the habit of frequent consumption of salt, starvation of canned and sausage products); • excessive consumption of food, fat and carbohydrates (body mass index -TVI >25 kg/m 2 ); • nutritional imbalances. ≥ In the 18-70-year-old farming population and their family members, MNF is recorded with a prevalence of 31.6 percent, in men -54.9 percent, and in women -45.0 percent (R>0.005). Differences in men and women in different age groups are observed as follows ( According to a survey aimed at determining hypodynamics (Table 2), in the population of farmers over 18 years of age, this risk factor is observed with a frequency of 53.0%: in 18-30 years -39.0%, in 31-49 years -56.0% (R<0.05), in the age group of 50-69 years -4.4% (with a decrease of almost 10 times, R <0.01) and in the age of 70 years -0.00%.
The conclusion is that almost 68.0% of the population engaged in farming is not guaranteed from iatrogenicthe risk of taking the wrong drugs.
One of the main directions of primary prevention of urinary stone diseases is to study alcohol consumption and limit it to 30 ml of ethanol for men and 15 ml/day for women. The total amount of alcohol consumption per week should not exceed 140 g in men AIC differs at different ages. The highest frequency of alcohol consumption is detected at the age of 31-49 years (59.6%, R <0.01, very low alcohol consumption is observed at the age of ≥70 years (0.7%; R<0.001) and at the age of 18-30 years and at the age of 50-69 years. relatively low -17.7 % and 22.0 %, respectively (R>0.05).
Depending on the age of male and female farmers, the incidence of AI is characterized as follows: 18-30 years -68. Further analysis is aimed at assessing the prevalence of hereditary predisposition to urinary stone disease as a risk factor (Table  5). In the population of farmers with a genetic predisposition to urinary stone disease, as shown in Table 5, the prevalence is 64.1%, in male farmers -58.2% and in female farmers -41.8% (R<0.005). The age-related difference in the frequency of this risk factor is 50.8% (R<0.001).
In men and women -60.6 and 39.4% (R<0.005) at the age of 18-30 years, 54.1% and 45.9% (R>0.05) at the age of 31-49 years, -67 at the age of 50-69 years. 0 percent and 32.9 percent (R<0.005) and 5070 years -50.0 percent and 50.0 percent (R>0.05), the prevalence of hereditary predisposition is observed. This information will be of great help in planning preventive measures.
Epidemiological descriptions of dystonic disorders have also been studied and evaluated in the study, as they are recognized as risk factors that play a role in the origin of urinary stone diseases [12,13,14,15,16]. Table 6 shows the results of analyzes devoted to estimating the prevalence of hypercalcemia in the farming population. It was found ( Table 6) that hypercalcemia is observed with a prevalence of 62.3% in the general population of farmers. Its frequency is -58.4% in male farmers and -41.6% in female farmers (R<0.005). Hypercalcemia occurs with a frequency of 1.6% in ≥70-year-olds or 24.5% less frequently than in 18-30-year-olds (R<0.001), in 31-49-year-olds -50.2% (R<0.05) and 50 It is established with a prevalence of -22.1 percent (R>0.05) in -69-year-olds.
Hypercalcemia is noted in all age groups with a significantly higher prevalence in men than in women:  18-30 years -62.3% and 37.7%, ie 24.6% (P<0.005);  31-49 years -54.0% and 46.0%, respectively, with a difference of 18.0% (R>0.05);  50-69 yearswith a difference of 63.6% and 36.4%, ie 17.2% (R <0.005); ≥70 years -62.5% and 37.5% or 26.1%, respectively (R<0.005). Similar epidemiological descriptions are found in the studied population in relation to hyperphosphatemia (Table 7). Hyperphosphatemia is detected at a frequency of 50.7% among the farming population; with a prevalence of -61.7% in male farmers and -38.3% in female farmers (R<0.005). Hypercalcemia is not detected in women and men over 70 years of age, 39.5% in the general population aged 18-30 years, -56.1% (R<0.05) at the age of 41-49 years and up to 4.4% at the age of 50-56 years. is established with a low distribution (R<0.001). The epidemiological description of hyperuricemia was also studied and evaluated as a risk factor in the study. The data obtained are summarized and analyzed in Table 8. The analysis shows that hyperuricemia is recorded with a prevalence of 52.8% in the general ≥ 18-70-year-old farming population; At the age of 18-30 years -40.8%, at the age of 31-49 years -55.2% (R<0.05) and at the age of 50-69 years -4.0% (R<0.005). Over 70 years of age (0.0%) patients have not registered. With a high prevalence in men and women, hyperuricemia occurs in 18-30-year-olds (64.5% and 35.5%; R<0.005), 31-49 years (58.8% and 41.2%; <0.005) and 50-69 years, respectively, age (70.6 percent and 29.4 percent; R<0.005). Depending on age, hyperuricemia in women is characterized by an increase of 11.8% (R<0.05) and the same percentage in men (11.8%; R<0.05). Compared to the literature, this figure is significantly higher, and we think that future prospective studies will clarify this conclusion. Another aspect of hyperuricemia identified was that it was recorded in male farmers at a frequency 1.6 times (61.6 percent) higher than in women (38.4 percent) (R<0.005). Table 9 shows the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in the farming population. The results of the study showed that hypercylindruria was associated with a high prevalence among the farming population (Table 10). In the total farmer population (≥18-70 years), hypercylindruria is recorded with a prevalence of 66.9 percent. In particular, 26.7% at the age of 18-30 years, 50.1% at the age of 31-49 years (R<0.05), 21.9% at the age of 50-69 years (R>0.05) and 28% at the age of 70 years. With a sharp decrease to 1.3% (R<0.001), it is confirmed compared to the first age group.
Epidemiological common risk factors play a "decisive role" in the development of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, the prevalence of overweight, one of the leaders among them, was studied and evaluated in the farming population. Such analyzes are described in Table 11. An analysis of the table numbers shows that the prevalence of overweight, an alimentary-related risk factor, occurs with a prevalence of 58.3% in the general population of examined farmers (≥18-70 years) (63.5% in males and 36.45% in females, R>0.005). The highest age was 31-49 years (54.5 %, R<0.05), the lowest was 50-69 years (23.5 %, R<0.05) and 18-30 years (15.9 %, R<0.05), significantly lower (1.1 %; R <0.001) is observed at ≥70 years.
As a result of these and other common risk factors mentioned above, unfavourable epidemiological conditions are predisposing to urolithiasis, as in other urine stone diseases, and therefore their correction leads to the success of primary and secondary prevention.