The Bibliometric Analysis on The Worldwide Agricultural Financing Literature: The Mapping and Direction

: The financial support plays a role in the most stage of agricultural sector. There are many literatures in this field, unfortunately, none of these maps in order to give the direction for the impactful future studies. This study quantitatively analyses 224 articles on Agricultural Financing literature during ten years period. Our selected papers were gained from the indexed-Scopus database that represented by English-language articles. Using a bibliometric approach, we investigate the field’s performance and evolution of the agricultural financing literature. A significant increase in the number of publications was seen in the last period of our observation. We find the most frequent author is Turvey, CG who comes from the most relevant country. We noted that the leader of author and country are not necessarily the impactful one. However, the Agricultural Finance Review occurs as the most frequent and impactful journal. We offer future research directions on agricultural financing, rice/maize, productivity, sustainability and smallholder farmer. This study gives the information that there is a rarely occurrence of Indonesian as the country’s contributor. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for Indonesian scholars to bring a novel from Indonesia’s agricultural wisdom. We encourage Indonesian Scholars to enhance the quantity and quality publications.


Figure 1. Research design
To identify the research structures and conduct the bibliometric analysis, the following step is defined.Firstly, we define the keywords as "agricultural financing" OR "agricultural credit" OR "agricultural funding" at indexed-Scopus database.The total population was 766 articles from 1914 until 2021.Secondly, we extract the data using inclusion and exclusion criteria such as year, form, type and language of publication.In addition, we limit our subject area in social science; agricultural and biological sciences; economic, econometrics and finance, environmental science; business, management and accounting; and multidisciplinary.Finally, our selected sample was 224 from 2012 until 2021.
We gathered data from Scopus database as a frequently used database for the rigorous development of social science research.We use the following software to answer our research questions: VOSviewer and Perish or Publish (PoP).VOSviewer allows users to generate and visualize bibliometric networks that depict relationships between authors, sources, nations, and keywords [24].Using the tools, we can analyse the impact and the productivity of each variable in researcher's own observation.Through the investigation of the interlink among above mention variables, it also can direct the future research based on current performance.

Data Selection Strategy
Search within Title, Abstract and Keyword "agricultural credit" OR "agricultural financing" OR "agricultural funding" In this study, we analysis the most frequently following variables: author, journal, article and country.We also assess the impactful key-point by the citation analysis.The citation analysis is one form of an established bibliographical reference method [25] to determine the impact of a scholar's research [26] that captures the connection among documents [24].Finally, we undertook a network analysis, evaluate the current trend and assign the future work.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table .1 provides a general overview data.There were 224 selected articles from 159 journals during ten years period.It represents that the low journal specialization and less productive in publishing this field's articles.Overall, the distribution of publications throughout the period is shown by the Figure .2. The quantity of publication increases over the year where 2021 was the most productive year with 48 articles.However, it was not necessarily proportional to the citations.It was found that the most impactful year is 2018 with 263 citations.Furthermore, the authors assume that the low of 68 citations from 48 publications was affected by the short time lapse, since the current observation conducted in February 2022.In the following years, it might be increase.

A. The Productive Authors
According to our analysis, the authors find that the most productive author lead by was "Risk rationing and the demand for agricultural credit: A comparative investigation of Mexico and China" with 22 citations.The reason behind is that this paper is the first to investigate risk rationing in China and Mexico, and it is one of the few empirical studies on the subject.A comparison of Mexico and China is instructive due to structural differences in the respective agricultural economies [27].However, the leader author not reflects the most cited article.Based on total citation among top ten authors, the most cited articles are Jiang, Y with 93 citations.However, not all of his publications have been cited.Therefore, it is not giving a significant impact on other Scopus articles except for a small number of articles shown by C/P value of (13.29).Consequently, the most influential author in the top ten are written by Chandio, AA.Although his total publication slightly lower than Jiang, Y, all of the Chandio's articles have been cited therefore the C/P is higher than their counterpart as shown in the table 2.    To assess the network analysis, we utilize bibliographical coupling of source.Initially, we placing at five thresholds.As that criterion provided limited results, we reduced the threshold to minimum three citations.Therefore, we find five clusters as shown by figure.5.By the nodes, AFR was obviously seems as the highest link strength (349 links) that linked to all the clusters.Therefore, AFR placed a significant position in the journal involving the most frequently, most productive and most relationship journal in our sample.

C. The Productive Countries
There are 87 contributed countries to our selected agricultural financing literatures.However, we document the top ten countries.Based on the Table.In general, the score of C/P and C/CP among the countries are different.It means that the published articles were not cited yet by the other Scopus-articles, in the other word, there is the publication with zero citation and have no impact yet in the literature.Besides, Indonesia was far apart from the top board.The rank of Indonesia was 41 st place with one document and none of citation and index at all.This finding represent that the Indonesian's researcher should enhance the quantity and quality of publication.The collaboration as well as co-authorship is needed to expand the publications from Indonesia.

D. The Impactful Articles
We analyse the impactful articles using citation analysis to determine the most influential articles.Table .5 shows the topten of the impactful articles in our sample.We found that the article titled "Agricultural advisory and financial services; farm level access, outreach and impact in a mixed cropping district of Punjab, Pakistan" by Elahi., et al [28] as the most cited article.In that time, there is no consensus in the available empirical studies regarding the effectiveness of these services [29], particularly in Pakistan.Elahi., et al [28] fill the gap and bring many insightful findings.Consequently, the average citations (22 cited per year) reflect huge impact on the development literature.According to popularity definition by Ding and Cronin [26] that popularity can be defined as the total number of times an author is cited.Therefore, we categorized that Elahi et al [28] was the most popular author in our selected sample.We use a bibliographic coupling analysis to discover core items in our dataset [30].This widely used technique performs automatic clustering on large data sets and identifies cases where two documents in their publications cite the same third work.The color in Figure 4 depicted the cluster of the article that represent by the author.We limit five thresholds at minimum number of citations following Paltrinieri et al. [31].Therefore, there are eight clusters from 78 documents meet the threshold.Our results show that the documents most often co-cited are articles by Elahi from cluster purple and T. Wossen from cluster blue.However, based on the link strength among the articles, the article entitled Factors determining subsistence farmers' access to agricultural credit in flood-prone areas of Pakistan by S. E. Saqib, J.K.M was the highest linked with 85 LS.It was connected to all of 8 clusters in the 78 documents.

E. Top Frequent Author's Keywords: Mapping and direction
We use co-occurrence (co-word) analysis to examine the most prevalent keyword discussed in the agricultural credit literature.Co-occurrences occur when two keywords appear together in an article, indicating a connection between the two concepts [32].We use five threshold as minimum number of occurrences.Therefore, we find four clusters from 51 keywords that meet the threshold from the total of 988 keywords as shown in the figure below.Based on the map, there are four clusters: red, blue, green and yellow.The red cluster (n=17) is the most used keyword (207 occurrences) involving agricultural credit, credit provision, agricultural finance and technical efficiency.Although the green cluster has the equal items (n=17), the total occurrences are below the red which is 135 occurrences.This cluster represent by the following keywords: agriculture, farmers, agricultural productivity and sustainability.The blue cluster (n=10) has 61 occurrences that are represented by profitability, crop production, livelihood and maize.Then, the yellow cluster (n=4 clusters) with 53 occurrences are represented by following keywords: food security, agricultural financing, agricultural policy and smallholders.
Co-occurrence is also used to understand the main research in the worldwide literature.Overall, the keyword of "agricultural credit" is the largest node on the network (57 occurrences) and follow by other nine keywords as shown by Table .5. The largest node indicates that its occurrences were relatively large as well as these keywords were commonly used in the included articles [33].The direction of future research is better to utilize the little node that still linked to the main research or to use the node that not directly linked yet in the network.We found some insights for future directions.There are an interlink from climate change, agricultural technology and sustainability to agricultural credit.Therefore, it can bring a novelty in the future agenda.Beside our main keyword in the agricultural finance cluster (credit provision, agricultural financing, and credit), the map of the most frequent author keywords includes the names of the countries/regions such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Turkey, Ghana, India and China.The map also included keywords such as profitability, productivity, livelihood, farmer and poverty.Among of keywords, maize and rice occur as the type of food.
We investigate the movement of agricultural financing literature during our time observation.Starting from the earliest period, literature studied in the broad theme such as lending behaviour, financial system, institutional credit and agricultural development.In the middle period, the literature enhance to the risk management, technical efficiency, credit provision, profitability, poverty and farmers.In the latter period, the directing literature expand to as food security and sustainability as world agenda of Sustainable Development Global (SDG) conducts.It is also focus to optimal the agriculture such as the productivity, policy and climate change.
The discussion in the literature moves from Nigeria, Ghana, China and India to Pakistan, Turkey, Bangladesh and Kenya.The object of agriculture also pursed at maize and rice.Farmer as the worker of agriculture is more focusing on small farmer.There is a huge challenge for Indonesian scholar to fill the gap literature follow current trend and novelty based on this analysis.
Publications; NCP: Number of Cited Publications; TC:Total Citations; C/P: Average Citations per Publication; C/CP: Average Citations per Cited Publication; LS: Link Strength; h:h-index; and g:g-index.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Co-authorship 4, AFR journal consistently produces the publication every year at above average of the other journals.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The distribution of the frequently journals

4 ,
United States lead as the highest country's publication with 41 articles.The distribution of the publication and citation as follows: 2 publications with 15 citations in 2012; 1 publication with 19 citations in 2013; 3 publications with 30 citations in 2014; 3 publications with 48 citations in 2015; 1 publication with 20 citations in 2016; 5 publications with 44 citations in 2017; 1 publication with 8 citations in 2018; 2 publications with 10 citations in 2019; 6 publications with 40 citations in 2020; 7 publications with 2 citations in 2021.

.6 9 C
consumption risk and poverty in semi-arid Northern Ghana: Adaptation options for poor farm household Northern Ghana: Adaptation options for poor farm households -Abbeam, J.A. Bosiako, D.S. Ehiakpor, F.N. Mabe Adoption of improved maize variety among farm households in the northern region of Ghana 2017 34 6: Citations; C/Y:Citation per year; LS: Link Strength

Table I .
Citation metrics

Table II .
Most frequently authors in agricultural financing papers

Table III .
Most frequently journals in agricultural financing papers Based on the Table.3, the highest publication's journal was reached by Agricultural Finance Review (AFR) with 46 documents.Based on the Figure.

Table IV .
Countries covered in agricultural financing studies NCP: Number of Cited Publications; TC:Total Citations; C/P: Average Citations per Publication; C/CP: Average Citations per Cited Publication; LS: Link Strength; h:h-index; and g:g-index.

Table V .
The impactful articles

Table VI .
The analysis of co-occurrence of keyword