The Principal’s Leadership in Implementing the Full-Day Kindergarten: A Literature Review

: The importance of the principal's leadership in implementing the full-day kindergarten education program attracted authors to research and this article discusses the results of the literature review conducted by the authors. There are a number of articles about the principal's leadership review and full-day kindergarten implementation especially in the context of the world that can be found. The purpose of this review is to find out the principal's leadership in implementing full-day kindergarten in a world context. Based on the results of literature reviews from various countries in the world, the authors found the scope of the articles reviewed is still very limited and it is very difficult to get literature that combines the two variables, therefore, the authors would be positively explain the findings for each variable. The results of the review literature on school principal's leadership show that the principal's leadership in carrying out his role as a leader has an impact on teacher performance and student achievement. The results of the review literature on the implementation of a full day kindergarten show that children who attend kindergarten (FDK) a full day experience academic and development benefits compared to children who attend a half-day program. Thus, the authors are interested in following up related to the principal's leadership in implementing full-day kindergarten.


INTRODUCTION
Learning activities in kindergartens occur in the process of participation, students learn through their environment both indoors and outdoors (Shoval, Sharir, Arnon, & Tenenbaum, 2018).Full-day kindergarten is one way to increase stimulus for children's academic skills, especially for students who are at risk of experiencing academic difficulties (Thompson & Sonnenschein, 2016).The fullday kindergarten program can benefit children, with regard to the child's holistic development, transition in the primary classroom and academic development.This full-day program provides universal opportunities for students and families to access quality early learning environments (Langford, Di Santo, Valeo, Underwood, & Lenis, 2018) The beginning of era full-day kindergarten education system today is actually marked by the number of favorite and excellent labeled schools.Quality improvement.It is known that the term Full-day school according to Hirsch, B. J is only used in Indonesia, in other countries they refer to the After-School Program (Hannum & Park, 2004).The authors of this article focus on using the term full-day used in Indonesia.In this regard, it has been known that several studies have examined full-day kindergarten in various countries such as the United States (M. A. Gottfried, 2017) (M. A. Gottfried & Le, 2017), (Ansari & Purtell, 2017), Kanada (Heagle, Timmons, Hargreaves, & Pelletier, 2017), (Underwood, Di Santo, Valeo, & Langford, 2016), (Brownell et al., 2015), English.(Heydon, Moffatt, & Iannacci, 2015),Indonesia (Hakim & Parameswari, 2015).The Kindergarten full-day program is an educational program that provides a minimum of 6 hours a day starting at 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM.The research found that children who attend full-day kindergarten have readiness to attend primary school, and have the ability to read when compared to children who take half-day programs.Children on full-day have advantages and readiness to learn because according to the results of research teachers have more time to be able to identify children's learning styles, children's needs and problems faced by children.While from the perspective of their children more have the choice to do various activities, learning choices and deepen the material because of more time.In 1998-1999 in America began to develop full-day kindergarten schools, even 61% of Kindergarten institutions have provided full-day services, it is different from in Indonesia because the concept of PAUD Full-day only developed in 2010, even today the implementation of Full-PAUD day could not yet be identified and recorded by the government to find out the exact number of institutions that hold PAUD Full-day (Fauziah & Sugito, 2016).

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Kindergarten full-day emerges as one of the educational systems that has a child-centered learning process.Where the learning process does not only emphasize learning on the cognitive aspects, but in the learning system there are various kinds of creative learning methods not based on the amount of information knowledge delivered by the teacher alone but how children learn in "how to learn", "how to do ", and" how to feel ".This is consistent with the opinion of Johnson et al that the educational aspect has important consequences in a child's life, the level of education of a child provides clear benefits for the child and his school (Hannum & Park, 2004).The realization of these educational goals is highly dependent on the leadership skills and wisdom of the principal who is one of the educational leaders.Because the principal as a professional official in the school organization.Based on the description above, it is necessary to know more about "How is the Principal's Leadership in Implementing Full-Day Kindergarten in a World Context"?

LITERATUR RIVIEW A. Principal's Leadership
Leadership according to Heifetz is a social activity (Aravena, 2019).The principal is the person who has the highest authority in the school because the principal is responsible for all school activities and plays an important role in improving the quality of education and plays an important role in supporting the academic and social success of all students, especially students who have traditionally been marginalized because of race , ethnicity, language, ability, socioeconomic status, gender, and religion (Brooks & Brooks, 2019), (Truong, Hallinger, & Sanga, 2017), (Eisenschmidt, Kuusisto, Poom-Valickis, & Tirri, 2019).The conditions that must be met by a leader in order to succeed in leading an organization effectively are as follows: a) Having high enough intelligence to be able to think and seek to resolve any problems that arise appropriately and wisely b) Have stable or uneasy emotions oscillated by various changes in atmosphere and can separate between personal problems, household problems, with organizational problems c) Having intelligence in dealing with others and being able to make subordinates feel at home, happy, and satisfied at work d) Having expertise to organize and move the subordinate wisely in realizing the goals of the organization and to know precisely when and to whom responsibility and authority will be delegated.The principal is someone who determines the central point and rhythm of a school.Because schools are complex institutions, schools as organizations need coordination.The success of the school is the success of the principal too.Principals succeed if they understand the existence of the school as a complex and unique organization, and are able to carry out the role of the principal as someone who is given the responsibility to lead the school.Based on the formulation above shows how important the principal's role is in driving school life to achieve goals.There are two things that need to be considered in the formulation as follows: a) The principal acts as a central force which is the driving force of school life b) Principals must understand their duties and functions for the success of the school, and have a concern for staff and students (Setiyati, 2014) School leadership has a significant effect on the features of school organs, which positively influences the quality of teaching and learning.The function of leadership is to build organizational conditions that foster high quality teaching and produce improvement in learning outcomes (Leithwood, Harris, & Hopkins, 2019).Functionally education plays a very important role in the development of people and the nation, therefore an educational institution is demanded to be able to carry out the school management functions properly.One of them is through the principal's management strategy.Robbin argues that, leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement goals.One of the functions of leadership is to influence a person / group in order to achieve a desired target, therefore the leadership process must be carried out in order to coordinate and direct both individuals and groups to achieve a predetermined goal, so that a leader needs a style and certain types in order to facilitate and smooth the rare and leadership processes.The principal's leadership management strategy must be constructed based on changes and developments in the community environment while still considering aspects of togetherness and diversity, so as to be able to hold new programs that are able to improve the quality of education and education staff and must always be evaluated and even updated.Most management of school principals (public schools) tend to be administrative and merely implement policies from the top down without considering improvement and development projects that should always be the main agenda for a leader.therefore the guidance done by a school principal should not only be administrative but rather on the development and improvement of the quality of educational competencies and education personnel (Muflikha & Haryanto, 2019).166 Leadership style is a picture of the behavior of a leader in an effort to influence the activities or activities carried out by his subordinates in order to achieve organizational goals.Lots of types / types of leadership styles that are developing at this time used by the leader.This leadership style in turn turns out to be the basis in discriminating or clarifying the types of leadership.Effective leadership has the characteristics of (1) being flexible, choosing his actions from the range of leader behavior, (2) aware of his self, group and situation.From all that considered to choose a certain leadership style.(3) Inform subordinates of their influence on each issue and how the leader will use his authority.(4) Using general supervisors, subordinates work on their own daily work provinces and make decisions about work within specified limits.( 5) Always remember, both urgent issues and the long-term effectiveness of individuals and groups before acting (7) always easy to find if subordinates want to simulate problems and show their interests and ideas, (8) Keep promises given to subordinates, quickly handle complaints and give answers earnestly and not convoluted.( 9) Give instructions on adequate work methods, increase security and avoid mistakes, by reminding workers' level of experience.Explain the reasons why it is given.Thus the appropriate leadership style used is a leadership style that is task oriented and subordinate oriented.The task-oriented style pays more attention to the completion of tasks with very strict supervision so that the task is completed according to his wishes.Good relations with their subordinates are ignored, as long as the subordinates must work hard, be productive and be punctual.Husaini Usman said that the relationship-oriented / subordinate style tends to pay more attention to good relations with his subordinates, to motivate his employees rather than to supervise closely, and more importantly to feel his subordinates more (Marlina, 2020) There are two dimensions of leadership style in educational and non-educational settings, namely: (a) leadership style that is work or task oriented, and (b) leadership style that is oriented towards human relations.And in general there are two main attitudes of one's leadership, namely: (a) leadership oriented to tasks or concern for production, (b) leaders oriented to human aspects or concern for people.Stoner in Harbani Pasolong argues that there are two styles of leadership, namely: (a) task-oriented style, (b) employeeoriented style (Gusman, 2020) The principal is the highest leader in the school.The pattern of leadership will be very influential even very determining on the progress of the school.Therefore, in modern education, the principal's leadership needs to get serious attention.The success of an educational institution depends very much on the leadership of the principal.Because he as a leader in his institution, he must be able to bring his institution towards the achievement of the goals set, he must be able to see a change and be able to see the future in a better globalization life (Hadi, 2020) Principal's leadership is very important for the success of school organizations because leaders create positive changes in education by encouraging existing staff in schools to take initiative and change (Quin, Deris, Bischoff, & Johnson, 2015).Potential learners can be influenced by the leadership of the school principal in various ways through instructional and non-instructional tasks, the level and way of leadership of the school affect student learning outcomes depending on certain behaviors and the overall school environment features of the principal, teachers, students and community context (Urick, 2016).The role of the principal is very important in transforming the educational process, student performance and learning outcomes because the quality of school leaders is related to the academic success of students; therefore, schools must invest in the training and leadership development of principals (Jones et al., 2015), (Tingle, Corrales, & Peters, 2019).In short, the principal plays a key role in this domain by shaping the school environment, motivating and supporting continuous learning in school staff (Lijuan, Hallinger, & Ko, 2016).Three types of principals' leader's profile were identified: "profiles that think of people", "profiles of administrative minds" and "profiles of moderate minds" (Dou, Devos, & Valcke, 2017).

B. Full Day Kindergarten
Kindergarten is an important transition point for students because children leave the learning environment early and enter the K-12 system with a variety of backgrounds, experiences, and skills (Joseph et al., 2019).Kindergarten is a form of early childhood education unit in the formal education pathway that organizes educational programs for children aged four years to six years whose role is to stimulate the growth and development of children both physically and spiritually (Pyle, Prioletta, & Poliszczuk, 2018).Kindergarten students are at a critical time for development, the future success of schools is largely determined by one's ability to transition to a full-day school environment (Heagle et al., 2017) Full-day kindergarten is one of the education that has been used to try to improve the academic skills of students from an early age, especially those who are experiencing academic difficulties (Thompson & Sonnenschein, 2016).The Full-day Kindergarten Program provides a program with a pedagogical approach as well as a curriculum that is planned and delivered by educators using 167 space and resources (Timmons, 2018).Kindergarten full-day programs can benefit children in connection with the holistic development of children, academic development with better academic results and promotion of SR.In addition this program provides universal opportunities for children and families to access quality early learning environments (Youmans, Kirby, & Freeman, 2018), (Coughenour, Pharr, Gakh, Clark, & Cheong, 2019).Fullday school is a public school model that integrates the teaching system intensively by giving additional time specifically for the deepening of children, entering at 07.00 and returning at 14:30.Schools with this model are very popular with modern people who have a very busy schedule outside the home(Brianti, Karini, & Agustin, 2010).Some reasons why the full-day kindergarten system will be officially applied in Indonesian education.In addition to minimizing the negative impacts caused by the school environment, through this program the activities of students can be well directed.Furthermore, Elicker and Mathur have found a positive effect that children who attend school in the full-day kindergarten program are considered to have a more positive impact and a better level of development achievement than children in half-day programs (Arifin & Zahro, 2018).Full day kindergarten was established to answer various problems that exist in the community, the community expects their children to get good academic and non-academic education and avoid free promiscuity.Full day kindergarten was established because the community environment is not good, parents lack time in supervising children because of work and children tend to prefer playing rather than studying after they come home from school.Full day school was established due to several reasons including, firstly the lack of parents' time at home due to work demands, this is intended so that children do not fall into negative things, secondly because of the need for supervision of children's safety while parents are working, thirdly because the need for additional religious studies because of the lack of parental time for children, and fourth, namely the need for improvement in the quality of education.Schools with a full day school system are schools that implement a full day learning system, meaning that students learn from morning to evening or afternoon.Full day school is a school that applies the same curriculum as schools in general, namely the Ministry of National Education curriculum.Full day school is considered to be able to balance academic knowledge with religious knowledge, with the existence of a full day school system that is expected to improve the academic capacity of students in preparation for the next level.Learning with a full day school system will run well if supported by several factors, as quoted from research, schools with a full day school system must have a good schedule setting, the learning process must have a good strategy and schools must have facilities that can support learning process and deepening of the material.Because in general students will easily feel bored if they study all day at school.The learning process in a full day school system such as school work can be done by students through the guidance of subject teachers while at school, but this does not mean that the school restricts students from continuing to learn but in full day school learning methods and media are applied fun learning so students will not feel bored at school, a teacher must be able to innovate and be creative so that the learning process can go well (Irayasa et al., 2019).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research can be categorized as a literature review research.The purpose of conducting a literature review is to obtain a theoretical foundation that can support the solution of the problem being studied.The review process begins with a search engine, google cendikia, to search for articles with keywords.Principal's leadership and Full-day kindergarten.Searches ranged from 2015-2020 and identified a total of 200 studies and articles.The criteria for inclusion in this study are as follows: a. Qualitative results from principals' leadership in implementing full day kindergarten.b.Research carried out in the world c.This research uses English d.Dissertations and theses are excluded.
Steps in the Literature Review of each of the principals' leadership variables and the fullergarten kindergarten include: Step 1: Formulate the Problem  Choose a topic that fits the issue and interest.
 The problem must be written completely and accurately

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section reports the main findings reviewed from several articles the author has read.The analysis selects most of the articles based on the principal's leadership in implementing full-day kindergarten education.The articles reviewed are research conducted in several countries in the world.The table describes the results of the literature review conducted by the author.Research has been carried out in several schools and universities.

CONCLUSION
Principal's leadership is very important for the success of school organizations because the leader creates positive changes in education by encouraging existing staff in the school to take initiative and change.In implementing the Fullday Kindergarten education program, it is necessary for the principal to have the right leadership style to be able to carry out the Fullday Kindergarten program optimally.Potential learners can be influenced by the leadership of the principal in various ways through instructional and non-instructional tasks, the level and way of leadership of the school head affects student learning outcomes depending on certain behaviors and the overall features of the school environment namely the principal, teachers, students and community context.The results of most studies indicate that it is difficult to get literature that combines the two variables.Therefore, it is necessary to do a follow up related to the principal's leadership research in implementing full-day kindergarten.

Step 2 :
Look for Literature  Look for literature relevant to research 168 Get an overview of the research topic  Research sources are very helpful if supported by knowledge of the topic being studied. These sources provide an overview / summary of previous research.Step 3: Evaluate Data  Look at any contribution to the topic discussed  Search and find the right data source as needed to support research  It can be in the form of qualitative data, quantitative data or data derived from a combination of both Step 4: Analysis and Interpretation  Discuss and find and summarize literature.
education program that children in the FDK Program have a lower BMI, more outside play time and have a higher parent participation rate in fast training.Children in FDK programs are also less likely to watch television for a week than children in PDK programs.Findings made by Alexandra S. Youmans, John R. Kirby & John G. Freeman show that no significant differences were found in children's reports regardless of the Program, children most enjoyed play activities, these findings reinforce the importance of kindergarten.Full day based child play program(Youmans, 2018.105).Findings related to principals' leadership indicate that principals consider training activities related to human resources, executive leadership, school culture and strategic operations to have a "high" influence on their effectiveness as school leaders.This review has limitations including; first, the articles are reviewed only in English so other studies are not reviewed because of limitations.Second, dissertations and these are not discussed in this article because they can cause publication bias in the results.Third, the scope of the articles reviewed is still very limited, and it is very difficult to get literature that combines the two variables.